Development of a Blockchain-Based Traceability System for Fresh Produce Supply Chains

Thesis Abstract

The integrity and transparency of fresh produce supply chains face significant challenges related to traceability, authenticity, and security, which adversely impact consumer safety, trust, and economic efficiency. In addressing these issues, this study aims to develop a comprehensive blockchain-based traceability system tailored for fresh produce supply chains, with the overarching objective of enhancing transparency, reducing fraud, and improving accountability. Specific objectives include evaluating current traceability practices, designing an architectural framework for blockchain implementation, developing a prototype system, and assessing its usability and effectiveness through empirical testing. Employing a mixed-method research design, the study integrates qualitative methods for system design and quantitative methods for system validation. The qualitative phase involves thematic analysis of interviews and focus group discussions with 40 key stakeholders—including farmers, supply chain managers, and regulators—to identify critical traceability challenges and functional requirements. The quantitative phase encompasses the deployment of a blockchain prototype evaluated through a survey administered to 150 supply chain actors, assessing usability, perceived security, and integration challenges. Data collection instruments include semi-structured interview guides, focus group protocols, and structured questionnaires, each validated through pilot testing and expert review to establish content validity; reliability is further confirmed via Cronbach's alpha coefficients exceeding 0.75. The analytical framework incorporates thematic analysis for qualitative data, utilizing NVivo software to identify recurring themes related to traceability issues and system expectations. Quantitative data are analyzed through descriptive statistics and inferential techniques such as multiple regression analysis to examine relationships between perceived system usability and factors like trust, security, and operational efficiency. Additionally, the study employs usability evaluation methods, including System Usability Scale (SUS) scores, to quantitatively assess the prototype’s effectiveness. Expected findings suggest that the proposed blockchain system will significantly improve traceability accuracy, enhance data security, and foster greater stakeholder trust within the supply chain. The system’s design is anticipated to demonstrate high usability and acceptance among users, addressing concerns related to data integrity, transparency, and resistance to fraud. The implementation framework will highlight critical factors influencing successful deployment, including technological interoperability, stakeholder training, and regulatory compliance. This research contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing a detailed, practically applicable framework for implementing blockchain technology in fresh produce supply chains, bridging identified gaps related to system scalability and stakeholder engagement. The study advances theoretical understanding by integrating concepts from the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Diffusion of Innovations theories to interpret user acceptance and diffusion pathways. The developed prototype and associated findings will serve as a reference model for policymakers, supply chain managers, and technology developers aiming to enhance traceability systems in agricultural sectors. In conclusion, the study affirms that blockchain technology offers a viable solution for transforming supply chain transparency and accountability in the fresh produce sector. Key recommendations include piloting the system across diverse supply chain contexts, strengthening stakeholder capacity through targeted training, and establishing regulatory frameworks that support blockchain integration. Future research should explore longitudinal impacts on supply chain resilience and consumer trust, as well as potential adaptations to other perishable commodities, thereby broadening the applicability of blockchain-driven traceability solutions in food systems.