Thesis Abstract

<p> </p><h2>Abstract
</h2><div><div><h3><br></h3><p>The “Status Epilepticus Severity Score” (STESS) is the most important clinical score to predict in-hospital mortality of patients with status epilepticus (SE), but its prognostic relevance for long-term survival is unknown. This study therefore examined if STESS and its components retain their prognostic relevance beyond acute treatment.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>One hundred twenty-five non-anoxic patients with SE were retrospectively identified in two hospitals between 2008 and 2014 (39.2 % refractory SE). Patients’ treatment, demographic data, date of death, aetiology of SE, and the components of the STESS (age, history of seizures, level of consciousness and worst seizure type) were determined based on the patients’ records.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>In 94.4 % of patients, SE was treated successfully; in-hospital mortality rate was 12 %. The overall mortality was 42 % after median follow-up of 28.1 months. The survival plateaued after about 3 years, all patients with progressive brain diseases (<em>n</em> = 4) died within one year. In-hospital mortality correlated highly significantly with STESS, the optimal cut-off was 4. With respect to long-term outcome, STESS correlated significantly with overall mortality though with lower odds ratios. When looking only at patients that survived the acute phase of treatment, only the STESS components “level of consciousness” (at admission), “coma” as worst seizure type, and “age” reached a statistical significant association with mortality. In these patients, STESS with a cut-off of 4 was not significantly associated with survival/mortality. Aetiology of SE was insufficient to explain the weak association and the high mortality after discharge alone.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>STESS at onset of SE reliably assessed in-hospital mortality, and was indicative for overall survival. However, STESS did not allow correct estimation of mortality after discharge. The high mortality after discharge and high overall mortality of patients diagnosed with SE was not explained by progressive brain disorders alone. Further research is needed to understand the causes for high overall mortality after SE and putative prognostic factors.</p></div><div><h3>Electronic supplementary material</h3><p>The online version of this article (doi10.1186/s12883-016-0730-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p></div></div><div><strong>Keywords </strong>Epilepsy, Mortality, Long-term, Short-term, STESS</div> <br><p></p>

Thesis Overview

<p> </p><div><h2>Background</h2><p>Status epilepticus (SE) is a serious neurological condition with significant acute mortality of 7–39 % and early treatment is of crucial importance [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5097843/#CR1">1</a>–<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5097843/#CR6">6</a>]. The management and treatment of patients presenting with SE is widely debated. The treatment ranges from benzodiazepines, different anti-epileptic drugs to coma induction [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5097843/#CR7">7</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5097843/#CR8">8</a>]. Because of the clinical heterogeneity of the affected patients [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5097843/#CR9">9</a>] and the lack of established prognostic factors, the prediction of the clinical outcome and survival of SE remains difficult. Rossetti et al. therefore developed the “Status Epilepticus Severity Score” (STESS, Additional file <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5097843/#MOESM1">1</a>: Table S1) in the purpose to predict in-hospital mortality [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5097843/#CR10">10</a>]. The score was designed to give the clinician an estimate of in-hospital mortality of each individual patient, based on four outcome predictors (“age”, “history of seizures”, “seizure type”, “extent of consciousness impairment”). With a maximum score of 6, Rossetti et al. found an optimal cut-off value at ≥3 with a sensitivity of 0.94 and specificity 0.60. Negative predictive value (NPV) was 0.97 and positive predictive value (PPV) was 0.39 [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5097843/#CR11">11</a>]. STESS is a clinically used score to predict outcome after SE and has been externally validated in a second study [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5097843/#CR12">12</a>]. In this confirmatory study, components “history of seizures” and “extent of consciousness impairment” but not “age” and “generalised convulsive seizures at SE onset” were significantly associated with higher odds for death. With a score of ≥4, the optimal cut-off for predicting in-hospital mortality was higher in this cohort [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5097843/#CR12">12</a>].</p><p>Leitinger et al. recently developed a new “Epidemiology-based Mortality Status Epilepticus Score” (EMSE) that initially included a combination of six clinical parameters: aetiology, age, comorbidity, EEG, duration and level of consciousness. The authors concluded that the combination of aetiology, age, level of consciousness, +/−EEG (EMSE-EACE/EMSE-EAC) was in many ways superior to predict in-hospital mortality than STESS (≥3 and ≥4) [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5097843/#CR13">13</a>]. However, a very recent study showed no significant difference between STESS and EMSE-EAC or EMSE-EACE [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5097843/#CR14">14</a>].</p><p>With SE with respect to mortality and functional status, the long-term outcome after discharge of patients is essentially unknown. Hauser and co-workers studied a cohort of paediatric and adult patients surviving SE at least for 30 days. They followed them until death or end-of-study and found a long-term mortality of 40 % [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5097843/#CR15">15</a>]. Ristic et al. reported a mortality rate of 22.2 % in a cohort of patients treated in a tertiary reference centre. Unfortunately, follow up data was available for only 32.8 % of the surviving patients [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5097843/#CR16">16</a>]. Apart from patients with progressive neurological diseases (typically brain tumours), it is often unknown why patients die several months after SE. If and how the consequences of prolonged SE, e.g. neuronal death due to excitotoxicity or alteration of neuronal networks, contribute to the high mortality is unknown [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5097843/#CR9">9</a>]. Given that SE treatment often includes treatment at intensive care units (ICU), which is associated with significant mortality [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5097843/#CR17">17</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5097843/#CR18">18</a>], prognostic factors and scores allowing determining long-term survival after SE are of high importance.</p><p>This study therefore aimed at determining the accuracy of STESS on long-term survival based on a population of patients presenting with SE at admission or during hospital stay, treated in two academic centres in Southern Denmark.</p></div><div><div><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5097843/#">Go to:</a></div><h2>Methods</h2><div><h3>Patients and ethics</h3><p>All identifiable patients with SE who have been treated at the Regional Hospital of Vejle (August 2008 – October 2013) and the University Hospital of Odense (August 2008 to March 2014) were included. Both hospitals are regional referral centre for patients with SE. The study was approved by the local and national authorities for data security (Sundhedsstyrelsen, 3-3013-696/1) and evaluated by the local ethics committee. The adult patients (≥18 years) were retrospectively identified based on ICD-10 codes at discharge (G41X) or documented SE in the patient records.</p><div><h4>Inclusion criteria</h4><p>On-going clinical or EEG-verified seizures for more than five minutes or repetitive seizures without normalization of consciousness in-between [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5097843/#CR7">7</a>]</p><p>Age of 18 or older</p></div><div><h4>Exclusion criteria</h4><p>Patients younger than 18</p><p>An-/hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (<em>n</em> = 10)</p><p>The patients’ records were retrospectively analysed. The patients’ journals were used to score each patient according to STESS [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5097843/#CR10">10</a>]. In addition, aetiology (categorized as proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy, ILAE [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5097843/#CR19">19</a>]) was assessed. In-hospital mortality was defined as death under acute treatment. Patients discharged from hospital to ambulant palliative care units were considered as “survivors of acute treatment”. Refractory patients were defined as patients that did not show prompt response to first- and second-line treatment with phenytoin, valproate, phenobarbital, or levetiracetam. The mortality after discharge was determined using the date of death registered in the Danish Civil Register, available in the patient records of deceased patients.</p></div></div></div> <br><p></p>