Home / Biochemistry / The effect of inhaled cannabis sativa and ascorbic acid (vitamin c) on the body weight, organ weight and sex hormone in male wistar rats

The effect of inhaled cannabis sativa and ascorbic acid (vitamin c) on the body weight, organ weight and sex hormone in male wistar rats

 

Table Of Contents


Title
Page       –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           i

Declaration     –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           ii

Certification   –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           iii

Dedication     –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           iv

Acknowledgements   –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           v

Table
of contents       –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           vi

Abstract         –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           xi

Chapter ONE

: INTRODUCTION

1.1  
Background of Study     –       –       –       –       –       –       –       1

1.2  
Objective of Study-         –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       4

1.3  
Justification/Rationale for the Study- –       –       –       –       –       4

1.5     Significance
of the Study-       –       –       –       –       –       –       6

Chapter TWO

: LITERATURE
REVIEW

2.1  
Cannabis Sativa Plant Description-   –       –       –       –       –       6

2.1.1  
Seedling:- –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       7

2.1.2  
Stem: –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       7

2.1.3  
Leaves:-     –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       7

2.1.4  
Buds or flowers on the cannabis plant:-   –       –       –       –       7

2.1.5  
Smell of the cannabis plant, especially the leaves and flowers-       –       8

2.1.6  
Discovery and cultivation-     –       –       –       –       –       –       8

2.2     Scientific
Classification of Cannabis-         –       –       –       –       –       9

2.2.1   Species of Marijuana– –       –       –       –       –       –       –       10

2.2.1.1
Cannabis sativa-          –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       10

2.2.1.2   Cannabis
Indica-       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       11

2.2.1.3   Cannabis
Ruderalis- –       –       –       –       –       –       –       12

2.3  
Economic Importance of Marijuana- –       –       –       –       –       15

2.4  
Constituents of Cannabis–       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       17

2.4.1 Phytocannabinoids
—     –       –       –       –       –       –       –       17

2.4.2 Classification-     –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       18

2.4.3 Noncannabinoid-Type
Constituents-         –       –       –       –       –       20

2.4.4 Hydrocarbons-     –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       23

2.4.5 Nitrogen-Containing
Compounds             –       –       –       –       23

2.4.6 Carbohydrates-   –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       24

2.4.7 Flavonoids- –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       24

2.4.8 Fatty
Acids-         –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       25

2.4.9 Noncannabinoid
Phenols-       –       –       –       –       –       –       25

2.4.10           Other-     –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       26

2.4.11           Cannabinoid Receptor System-     –       –       –       –       –       26

2.4.12           Cannabinoid 1 and 2 Receptors-   –       –       –       –       –       27

2.5     Sex
Hormones and Its Synthesis-     –       –       –       –       –       28

2.6     The
Protein Hormones- –       –       –       –       –       –       –       28

2.6.1 The
Gonadotropins-     –       –       –       –       –       –       –       28

2.6.2 Luteinizing
Hormone (LH)-     –       –       –       –       –       –       29

2.6.3 Human
Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)-   –       –       –       –       30

2.6.4 Prolactin
(Prl)-     –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       31

2.7     The
Steroid Hormones- –       –       –       –       –       –       –       32

2.7.1 Oestrogens- –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       32

2.7.2 Oestradiol
(E2)-   –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       32

2.7.3 Oestrone
(E1)-     –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       33

2.7.4 Oestriol
(E3)-       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       33

2.7.5 Progesterone
(P4)-         –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       34

2.7.6 Testosterone
(T)- –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       35

2.8     Cannabis
Effects- –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       35

2.8.1 Endocrine
effects –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       35

2.8.2 Hypothalamic Pituitary-Gonadal Axis       –       –       –       –       –       35

2.9     Hpg Axis Effects In Males     –       –       –       –       –       –       37

2.9.1 Effects on Reproductive Hormones in Males       –       –       –       –       37

2.10   Effects on Prolactin       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       39

2.10.1           Effects on other
Body Systems       –       –       –       –       –       40

2.10.2           Vitamin C         –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       41

2.10.3           Biosynthesis and molecular structure of
vitamin C   –       –       43

2.10.4           Redox metabolism and antioxidant properties
of vitamin C-         –       44


Thesis Abstract

Abstract
The use of cannabis sativa for medicinal and recreational purposes has increased in recent years, leading to a growing interest in understanding its effects on the body. Inhaled cannabis sativa has been associated with various physiological and behavioral effects, including alterations in body weight, organ weight, and hormone levels. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is known for its antioxidant properties and potential to mitigate oxidative stress in the body. This study aimed to investigate the impact of inhaled cannabis sativa and ascorbic acid on body weight, organ weight, and sex hormone levels in male Wistar rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups control, cannabis sativa, ascorbic acid, and combination (cannabis sativa and ascorbic acid). The rats were exposed to inhaled cannabis sativa for a specific duration, supplemented with ascorbic acid, or received a combination of both treatments. Body weight measurements were taken regularly throughout the study period, and at the end of the experiment, the rats were euthanized for organ weight assessment. Blood samples were collected to analyze sex hormone levels. The results indicated that rats exposed to inhaled cannabis sativa showed a decrease in body weight compared to the control group. However, supplementation with ascorbic acid appeared to attenuate this effect, with the combination group showing a lesser decrease in body weight than the cannabis sativa group alone. Organ weight measurements revealed no significant differences between the groups, suggesting that inhaled cannabis sativa and/or ascorbic acid did not have a substantial impact on organ size in male rats. Analysis of sex hormone levels showed alterations in testosterone and estrogen levels in the cannabis sativa group, indicating a potential hormonal impact of cannabis exposure. Interestingly, the group that received both cannabis sativa and ascorbic acid showed a partial reversal of these hormonal changes, with hormone levels approaching those of the control group. Overall, these findings suggest that inhaled cannabis sativa may influence body weight and sex hormone levels in male Wistar rats, while supplementation with ascorbic acid could potentially mitigate some of these effects. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying these observations and to explore the potential therapeutic implications of these interactions.

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