An assessment of the impact of abattoir effluent discharge on the water quality of river illo, ota

• Title Page – – – – – i Certification – – – – – ii Acknowledgement – – – – iii Dedication – – – – – iv Table of Contents – – – – – v List of Tables – – – – – xiii List of Figures – – – – – ix List of Plates – – – – – x Abbreviations and Symbols – – – – xi Abstract – – – – – xii  

Chapter ONE

INTRODUCTION

• 11 Background information – – – – 1 12 General Description of River Illo – – – – 2       121 Identified Sources of pollution – – – 2       122 Water Uses and Conflict – – – – – 3 13 Statement of the problem – – – – –   4 14 Justification of the Study – – – – 5           15 Objectives of the Study – – – – – –   5 16 Expected Contributions to Knowledge – – – – – 6 17 Scope of the Study – – – – 6  

Chapter TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• 21 Surface Water Quality and Anthropogenic Activities – – 7 22 Slaughterhouses – – – – 7 221 Characterization of slaughterhouse wastes – – 8 222 The Nigerian Experience – – – 8 223 Abattoir Waste Management – – – 9 2231 Waste Treatment Methods – – – 10 2232 Pollution Prevention – – – 11 23 Parameters Frequently Examined in the Determination of Water Quality – 12 231 Physico-ChemicaParameters – – – 12 232 Microbiological Parameters – – – 15 24 Water Pollution and Control in Nigeria – – – 16 25 Water Laws and Standards – – – – 18 26 Water Quality Measurements and Quantitative Hydrology – – 19 261 Assimilative Capacity Studies – – – 20 27 Field Survey and Sampling – – – – 21 28 Quality Control and Assurance – – – 21 29 Data Interpretation – – – – 23  

Chapter THREE

SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

• 31 Field Survey and Sampling Exercise – – – 25 32 Sampling Locations – – – – 26 33 Conditions of Sampling – – – – 28 34 Quality Control and Assurance – – – – 29 35 Laboratory Analysis – – – – – 29 36 Data Analysis – – – – – 30 37 Solid Waste Management – – – – 30  

Chapter FOUR

SYSTEM TESTING AND EVALUATION

• RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 41 The Abattoir – – – – – 34 42 Solid Waste Characterization and Management practice at the abattoir – 34 43 Hydraulic Data – – – – – 36 44 Water Quality Parameters – – – – 36 441 Physical Parameters – – – 36 442 Chemical Parameters – – – 37 443 Microbiological Parameters – – – 37 45 Correlation and Regression Analysis – – – 37 46 Percentage Compliance with Standards – – – 40 47 Descriptive Statistics – – – – 41 48 Self purification capacity of stream – – – 42 49 Dispersion Modeling – – – –   44 491   Determination of Coefficient of Dispersion – – 45       492   Dissolved Oxygen modeling – – – 48 493 Assumptions of the model – – – 52  

Chapter FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• AND RECOMMENDATION 51 Conclusion – – – – 53 52 Recommendation – – – – 54   REFERENCES – – – – 56   APPENDIX – – – – – 60 LIST OF TABLE   Table                               Title                                                             Page   21             Physico-Chemical Parameters of Water Quality Importance – 13 22             Nigerian States, key Industries and Waste Characterization – 17 23 Water Quality Parameters and Storage Conditions for Samples – 22 31             Hydraulic properties of the sampling points – – 27 41 Hydraulic Data from the River – – – 36   42 Physical Parameters of the Water Samples from River Illo – 36 43             Chemical Parameters of the Water Samples from the River – 37 44             Microbiological Parameters for the river – – 37 45             WHO Guideline Values and Percentage Compliance of samples41 46 Descriptive Statistics – – – – 42 47 Self purification factor for receiving water at 200C – 48LIST OF FIGURES Figure                                               Figure Caption                         Page     11                 Map of Ota District Showing Important Settlements and Rivers – 2b     31                 River cross section and Dimensions obtained – – 28     32                 Distances along the river where samples and hydraulic                             measurements were obtained – – – 29       33               Sketch of the site plan of the abattoir and sampling                             points along the river – – – 31     41 Graph of discharge against velocity – – 38     42 Graph of conductivity against Total Solids – – 39     43                 Graph of discharge against conductivity – – 39     44                 Graph of Velocity against Dissolved Oxygen – – 39     45                 Graph of Velocity against Phosphate – – – 40     46                 Graph of Ammonia against Alkalinity – – 40     47                 Plot of Total Solids against the Sampling Points – – 42     48                 Plot of phosphate against the Sampling Points – – 43     49                 Plot of COD against the Sampling Points – – 43     410               Plot of Ammonia against the Sampling Points – – 43     411               Plot of Dissolved Oxygen against the Sampling Points – 44     412               Ideal Dissolved Oxygen Curve – – – 48     413             Dissolved Oxygen Curve for Case Study – – 49LIST OF PLATES   Plate                                   Plate Caption                                         Page 1 Dug well supplying process water – – – 32 2 The Slaughtering Slab – – – 32 3 A section of the receiving river – – – 32 4 Accumulated sludge in contact with the water body – – 33 5 Animal bones being sun dried – – – 33 6 Land and water pollution from rendering activities – – 33 ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ACS â“ Assimilative Capacity Studies ASP â“ Activated Sludge Pond BOD â“ Biochemical Oxygen Demand COD â“ Chemical Oxygen Demand DAF â“ Dissolved Air Floatation DO â“ Dissolved Oxygen EC â“ European Communities FEPA â“ Federal Environmental Protection Agency GEM â“ Global Environmental Monitoring Systems mg/l â“ milligram per liter NPC â“ National Population Commission POC â“ Pollutants of Concern TDS â“ Total Dissolved Solids TSS â“ Total Suspended Solids TS â“ Total Solids µs/cm â“ microsiemen per centimeter WHO â“ World Health Organization -DL = m2 /s, where the negative sign is to show the flow of molecules from area of higher       concentration to lower concentration Da = initial DO deficit La = initial BOD q = kg/m2 s, where q is flux Cs = concentration of DO at saturation             C1 = mg/l, where subscript 1 stands for point 1 r d = mg/m3 d, is the rate of deoxygenation Di, ti = dissolved oxygen, time, at point of inflexion Dc, tc = dissolved oxygen, time, at critical point Xc, Xi = distance at which Dc, Di occurs K1,1 = deoxygenation rate in segment 1