AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF ABATTOIR EFFLUENT DISCHARGE ON THE WATER QUALITY OF RIVER ILLO, OTA

• Title Page – – – – – i Certification – – – – – ii Acknowledgement – – – – iii Dedication – – – – – iv Table of Contents – – – – – v List of Tables – – – – – xiii List of Figures – – – – – ix List of Plates – – – – – x Abbreviations and Symbols – – – – xi Abstract – – – – – xii  

Chapter ONE

INTRODUCTION

• 11 Background information – – – – 1 12 General Description of River Illo – – – – 2       121 Identified Sources of pollution – – – 2       122 Water Uses and Conflict – – – – – 3 13 Statement of the problem – – – – –   4 14 Justification of the Study – – – – 5           15 Objectives of the Study – – – – – –   5 16 Expected Contributions to Knowledge – – – – – 6 17 Scope of the Study – – – – 6  

Chapter TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• 21 Surface Water Quality and Anthropogenic Activities – – 7 22 Slaughterhouses – – – – 7 221 Characterization of slaughterhouse wastes – – 8 222 The Nigerian Experience – – – 8 223 Abattoir Waste Management – – – 9 2231 Waste Treatment Methods – – – 10 2232 Pollution Prevention – – – 11 23 Parameters Frequently Examined in the Determination of Water Quality – 12 231 Physico-ChemicaParameters – – – 12 232 Microbiological Parameters – – – 15 24 Water Pollution and Control in Nigeria – – – 16 25 Water Laws and Standards – – – – 18 26 Water Quality Measurements and Quantitative Hydrology – – 19 261 Assimilative Capacity Studies – – – 20 27 Field Survey and Sampling – – – – 21 28 Quality Control and Assurance – – – 21 29 Data Interpretation – – – – 23  

Chapter THREE

SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

• 31 Field Survey and Sampling Exercise – – – 25 32 Sampling Locations – – – – 26 33 Conditions of Sampling – – – – 28 34 Quality Control and Assurance – – – – 29 35 Laboratory Analysis – – – – – 29 36 Data Analysis – – – – – 30 37 Solid Waste Management – – – – 30  

Chapter FOUR

SYSTEM TESTING AND EVALUATION

• RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 41 The Abattoir – – – – – 34 42 Solid Waste Characterization and Management practice at the abattoir – 34 43 Hydraulic Data – – – – – 36 44 Water Quality Parameters – – – – 36 441 Physical Parameters – – – 36 442 Chemical Parameters – – – 37 443 Microbiological Parameters – – – 37 45 Correlation and Regression Analysis – – – 37 46 Percentage Compliance with Standards – – – 40 47 Descriptive Statistics – – – – 41 48 Self purification capacity of stream – – – 42 49 Dispersion Modeling – – – –   44 491   Determination of Coefficient of Dispersion – – 45       492   Dissolved Oxygen modeling – – – 48 493 Assumptions of the model – – – 52  

Chapter FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• AND RECOMMENDATION 51 Conclusion – – – – 53 52 Recommendation – – – – 54   REFERENCES – – – – 56   APPENDIX – – – – – 60 LIST OF TABLE   Table                               Title                                                             Page   21             Physico-Chemical Parameters of Water Quality Importance – 13 22             Nigerian States, key Industries and Waste Characterization – 17 23 Water Quality Parameters and Storage Conditions for Samples – 22 31             Hydraulic properties of the sampling points – – 27 41 Hydraulic Data from the River – – – 36   42 Physical Parameters of the Water Samples from River Illo – 36 43             Chemical Parameters of the Water Samples from the River – 37 44             Microbiological Parameters for the river – – 37 45             WHO Guideline Values and Percentage Compliance of samples41 46 Descriptive Statistics – – – – 42 47 Self purification factor for receiving water at 200C – 48LIST OF FIGURES Figure                                               Figure Caption                         Page     11                 Map of Ota District Showing Important Settlements and Rivers – 2b     31                 River cross section and Dimensions obtained – – 28     32                 Distances along the river where samples and hydraulic                             measurements were obtained – – – 29       33               Sketch of the site plan of the abattoir and sampling                             points along the river – – – 31     41 Graph of discharge against velocity – – 38     42 Graph of conductivity against Total Solids – – 39     43                 Graph of discharge against conductivity – – 39     44                 Graph of Velocity against Dissolved Oxygen – – 39     45                 Graph of Velocity against Phosphate – – – 40     46                 Graph of Ammonia against Alkalinity – – 40     47                 Plot of Total Solids against the Sampling Points – – 42     48                 Plot of phosphate against the Sampling Points – – 43     49                 Plot of COD against the Sampling Points – – 43     410               Plot of Ammonia against the Sampling Points – – 43     411               Plot of Dissolved Oxygen against the Sampling Points – 44     412               Ideal Dissolved Oxygen Curve – – – 48     413             Dissolved Oxygen Curve for Case Study – – 49LIST OF PLATES   Plate                                   Plate Caption                                         Page 1 Dug well supplying process water – – – 32 2 The Slaughtering Slab – – – 32 3 A section of the receiving river – – – 32 4 Accumulated sludge in contact with the water body – – 33 5 Animal bones being sun dried – – – 33 6 Land and water pollution from rendering activities – – 33 ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ACS â- Assimilative Capacity Studies ASP â- Activated Sludge Pond BOD â- Biochemical Oxygen Demand COD â- Chemical Oxygen Demand DAF â- Dissolved Air Floatation DO â- Dissolved Oxygen EC â- European Communities FEPA â- Federal Environmental Protection Agency GEM â- Global Environmental Monitoring Systems mg/l â- milligram per liter NPC â- National Population Commission POC â- Pollutants of Concern TDS â- Total Dissolved Solids TSS â- Total Suspended Solids TS â- Total Solids µs/cm â- microsiemen per centimeter WHO â- World Health Organization -DL = m2 /s, where the negative sign is to show the flow of molecules from area of higher       concentration to lower concentration Da = initial DO deficit La = initial BOD q = kg/m2 s, where q is flux Cs = concentration of DO at saturation             C1 = mg/l, where subscript 1 stands for point 1 r d = mg/m3 d, is the rate of deoxygenation Di, ti = dissolved oxygen, time, at point of inflexion Dc, tc = dissolved oxygen, time, at critical point Xc, Xi = distance at which Dc, Di occurs K1,1 = deoxygenation rate in segment 1