Fungitoxic effect of ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of azadirachta indica a. juss, ocimum gratissimum linn and benlate in the control of post-harvest fungal diseases of solanu | Blazingprojects Postgraduate Thesis
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Fungitoxic effect of ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of azadirachta indica a. juss, ocimum gratissimum linn and benlate in the control of post-harvest fungal diseases of solanu

 

Table Of Contents


Chapter ONE

INTRODUCTION

  • 1.1Introduction
  • 1.2Background of Study
  • 1.3Problem Statement
  • 1.4Objective of Study
  • 1.5Limitation of Study
  • 1.6Scope of Study
  • 1.7Significance of Study
  • 1.8Structure of the Research
  • 1.9Definition of Terms

Chapter TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

  • 2.1Overview of Fungal Diseases in Agriculture
  • 2.2Importance of Controlling Post-Harvest Fungal Diseases
  • 2.3Neem (Azadirachta indica a. juss) as a Potential Fungitoxic Agent
  • 2.4Holy Basil (Ocimum gratissimum linn) in Fungal Disease Management
  • 2.5Benlate: Synthetic Fungicide for Disease Control
  • 2.6Comparison of Ethanolic and Aqueous Extracts in Disease Control
  • 2.7Previous Studies on the Efficacy of Neem, Holy Basil, and Benlate
  • 2.8Mechanisms of Action of Fungitoxic Agents
  • 2.9Challenges in Implementing Natural Extracts for Disease Control
  • 2.10Future Research Directions in Fungal Disease Management

Chapter THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

  • 3.1Research Design and Methodology
  • 3.2Selection of Plant Materials
  • 3.3Preparation of Ethanolic and Aqueous Extracts
  • 3.4Experimental Setup for Fungal Disease Control
  • 3.5Data Collection and Analysis Methods
  • 3.6Statistical Approaches for Data Interpretation
  • 3.7Ethical Considerations in Research
  • 3.8Limitations of the Research Methodology

Chapter FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

  • 4.1Overview of Research Findings
  • 4.2Efficacy of Ethanolic Extract of Neem in Disease Control
  • 4.3Comparative Analysis of Aqueous Extracts in Fungal Disease Management
  • 4.4Impact of Holy Basil Extract on Post-Harvest Fungal Diseases
  • 4.5Effectiveness of Benlate in Disease Suppression
  • 4.6Combined Applications of Natural Extracts and Synthetic Fungicides
  • 4.7Resistance Development in Fungal Populations
  • 4.8Environmental Implications of Fungitoxic Agents

Chapter FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

  • 5.1Summary of Research Findings
  • 5.2Conclusions Drawn from the Study
  • 5.3Implications for Agricultural Practices
  • 5.4Recommendations for Future Research
  • 5.5Contributions to the Field of Fungal Disease Management

Thesis Abstract

The fungitoxic properties of ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica and Ocimum gratissimum used for the control of post-harvest fungal diseases of Solanum melongena were tested in vitro with benlate serving as the standard fungicide and water as the bank control. Three fungal species, Aspergillus niger, Rhizoctonia solani and Mucor ramosissimus were isolated from diseased S. melongena fruits kept at room temperature on laboratory tops for10 days. The fruits started showing signs of decay after 4 days of exposure. Growth on the fruits at the sites of the rot suggested the presence of fungal pathogens. Isolation and culturing of these pathogens gave the identified species as the causal agents. Pathogenicity test confirmed them as the causal organisms of the fruit rot. The three pathogens were treated with both ethanol and aqueous leaf extracts of the two plants at concentrations ranging from 25 to 100% and benlate at concentrations between 2.5 and 10.0%. Various concentrations of the extracts were added to prepared Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media. The pathogens were inoculated separately into the PDA media and were incubated for eight days. Fungitoxic effects of these extracts on the mycelial growth of the pathogens were significant at P ≤ 0.05 for all treatments. The three pathogens were completely inhibited by the two plant rextracts for both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts at 100% concentration. With respect to ethanolic extract, O. gratissimum was more efficient than A indica, but the reverse was the case with aqueous extracts. Ethanolic extracts were generally more effective than the aqueous extracts. Ethanolic leaf extract of O. gratissimum may be used to effectively control post-harvest fungal diseases of S. melongena.

 


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