Comparative Analysis of Feed Efficiency in Organic versus Conventional Dairy Cattle

Thesis Abstract

The efficiency of feed utilization in dairy cattle is a critical determinant of sustainable dairy production, directly influencing economic viability and environmental footprint, yet comparative assessments between organic and conventional systems remain underexplored. This study aims to evaluate and compare feed efficiency metrics in organic versus conventional dairy cattle, with specific objectives to quantify feed intake, milk yield, and feed conversion ratios across the production systems, and to identify key factors influencing feed efficiency variations within and between these systems. The research employed a cross-sectional comparative design, targeting a population of 200 lactating dairy cows (100 organic and 100 conventional) selected through stratified random sampling from commercial dairy farms within a defined geographic region. Data collection involved the use of standardized feed intake monitoring protocols, milk production records, and health and management questionnaires, complemented by laboratory analysis of feed samples to determine nutrient composition. The validity and reliability of data collection instruments were ensured through calibration of measuring equipment and pilot testing of survey instruments, while ethical approval was obtained from the relevant institutional review board. Quantitative data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and multiple regression analysis to evaluate the effects of system type and covariates such as age, body weight, and lactation stage on feed efficiency parameters. The study adopts the theoretical framework of the Nutritional Efficiency Theory, which posits that feed utilization efficiency depends on biological and management factors, and the Resource-Based View (RBV) theory, asserting that resource inputs and management practices influence productivity outcomes. It is hypothesized that organic dairy cattle may exhibit lower feed intake but comparable or superior feed conversion ratios owing to more natural feeding regimes and enhanced health parameters. Expected findings include statistically significant differences in feed intake and milk yield between systems, with organic cows potentially demonstrating higher feed conversion efficiency despite lower overall feed intake, attributable to better health status and management practices. Additionally, the study anticipates identifying management practices and biological factors that significantly impact feed efficiency, providing insights into optimizing resource use within both systems. The research aims to contribute to the growing body of knowledge on sustainable dairy production by elucidating the biological and managerial determinants of feed efficiency across production systems, integrating economic and environmental considerations into dairy herd management strategies. The main conclusion is that organic dairy systems can achieve comparable or superior feed efficiency relative to conventional systems when encompassing comprehensive management practices and health management, thus supporting their viability within sustainable agricultural frameworks. Based on these findings, the study recommends targeted management interventions to enhance feed utilization, particularly in conventional systems, and emphasizes the need for policy frameworks that encourage sustainable practices. Furthermore, the research suggests areas for future investigation, including long-term longitudinal studies to evaluate the sustainability implications of differing feed efficiencies and the role of genetic selection in enhancing resource efficiency across dairy production systems. This study advances understanding of the complex interactions between management, biological factors, and system type affecting feed efficiency, providing evidence-based guidance for industry stakeholders, policymakers, and researchers toward sustainable dairy farming practices.