THE ROLE OF n-BUTANOL LEAF fraction OF Telfairia occidentalis ON SOME HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN PHENYL-HYDRAZINE INDUCED ANEMIA IN WISTAR RATS

•              TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------i Certification-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ii Declaration--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iii Acknowledgement---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv Abstract ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------v Table of contents-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------vii Lists of Figures, Tables, Plates and Appendices----------------------------------------------------ix Abbreviations Definitions, Glossary and Symbols-------------------------------------------------xii CHAPTER ONE1.0 Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 
• 1.1Statement of research problem---------------------------------------------------------------------3 
• 1.2Justification----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 
• 1.3Hypothesi------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 
• 1.4Specific aim and objective---------------------------------------------------------------------------5 CHAPTER TWO2.0 Literature Review---------------------------------------------------------------------------------7 
• 2.1Vitamin B12-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8 
• 2.2Phenyl hydrazine HCL---------------------------------------------------------------------------------10 
• 2.3Anemia among women---------------------------------------------------------------------------------13 2.
• 3.1Decrease haemoglobin-Oxygen affinity---------------------------------------------------------14 2.
• 3.2Redistribution of blood flow-------------------------------------------------------------------------15 2.
• 3.3Increase Cardiac Output-----------------------------------------------------------------------------15 
• 2.4Classification of anemia---------------------------------------------------------------------------------17  2.
• 4.1Cytometric classification------------------------------------------------------------------------------17 2.
• 4.2Erythrokinetic classification--------------------------------------------------------------------------18 2.
• 4.3Reticulocyte counts-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18 2.
• 4.4Serum heptaglobin concentration-------------------------------------------------------------------19 2.
• 4.5Bone marrow biopsy------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20 2.
• 4.6Biochemical classification------------------------------------------------------------------------------21 2.
• 4.7Macrocytic anemia---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22 2.
• 4.8Normocytic anemia---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22 2.
• 4.9Microcytic anemia-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24 2.
• 5.0Dimorphic anemia-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25 2.
• 5.1Heinz body---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25 2.
• 5.2Hyperanemia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 25 2.
• 5.3Grading of anemia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 25 2.
• 5.4Causes of anemia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 2.
• 5.6Increase destruction of Red blood cell ------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 2.
• 5.7Intrinsic and Extrinsic factors -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 2.
• 5.8Mechanical trauma of Red cell ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 2.5.9Autoimmune haemolytic anemia --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 
• 2.61Blood loss ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29 
• 2.23Treatment of anemia -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 
• 2.24Anemia and Cardiovascular system ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 2.25Anemia and oxygen delivery --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 
• 2.26Anemia and haematocrit ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 
• 2.27Anemia and cardio-respiratory adjust --------------------------------------------------------------------- 33 
• 2.67Anemia and cancer -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35  2.6.8Anemia and pregnancy -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------36 2.
• 6.9Anemia and kidney ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 2.7Anemia and liver ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 
• 2.8Portal Circulation and Anemia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40 2.
• 8.1Impaired blood coagulation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41 
• 2.9Aplastic anemia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41 2.
• 9.1Alcohol, liver disease and anemia ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 43CHAPTER THREE3.0 Materials and Methods ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 45 3.
• 1.0Collection and identification of plant material ---------------------------------------------------------- 45 3.
• 1.1Method of extraction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 45 3.
• 1.2Animals ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45 3 .2 Chemicals --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46 
• 3.3Acute Toxicity studies -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46 3.
• 4.Experimental design -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46 3.
• 4.1Induction of anemia -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47 3.
• 4.2Animal groupings ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47 3.
• 5.Sample collection ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47 
• 3.6Determination of haemoglobin concentration ------------------------------------------------------------- 48 
• 3.7Determination of the pack cell volume ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 48 
• 3.8Biochemical assay ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49 
• 3.9Determinatoin of Bilirubin concentration -------------------------------------------------------------------- 49 
• 3.6Statistical analysis ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49 

Chapter FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

•  
• 4.0Results ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50 
• 4.1The role of n-butanol leaf fraction of T. Occidentalis on RBC --------------------------------------- 50 
• 4.2The role of n-butanol leaf fraction of T. Occidentalis on WBC --------------------------------------- 52 
• 4.3The role of n-butanol leaf fraction of T. Occidentalis on PCV ----------------------------------------- 54 
• 4.4The role of n-butanol leaf fraction of T. Occidentalis on HB ------------------------------------------- 58 
• 4.5The role of n-butanol leaf fraction of T Occidentalis on Bil conc ------------------------------------- 60 CHAPTER FIVE5.0 Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation ----------------------------------------------------------- 60 
• 5.1Discussion --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60 
• 5.2Conclusion --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62 
• 5.3Recommendations ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63 REFERENCE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 64