Morphological variations of the femoral artery in adult human cadavers

Thesis Abstract

The morphological variations of the femoral artery are critical for clinical interventions, surgical procedures, and vascular diagnostics, yet their prevalence and anatomical patterns across diverse adult populations remain insufficiently documented. This study aims to investigate the different morphological variants of the femoral artery in adult human cadavers to provide a comprehensive anatomical map that can inform surgical and interventional practices. The specific objectives include identifying the various branching patterns, measuring the diameters and lengths of the femoral artery and its branches, and assessing the prevalence of anomalies such as accessory branches, high bifurcation, and aberrant courses. The study additionally seeks to analyze the relationship between these variations and demographic factors such as age, sex, and ethnicity, and to compare findings with existing anatomical and clinical literature. A cross-sectional descriptive research design was adopted for this investigation. The population comprised 150 adult human cadavers (both sexes, representing diverse ethnic backgrounds) sourced from the anatomical dissection laboratories of a tertiary teaching hospital. A stratified random sampling technique was employed to ensure representative sampling across age groups and sexes. Data collection involved meticulous dissection and direct measurement using digital calipers and micro-meters to record the morphology, diameters, and lengths of the femoral artery and its branches. Photographic documentation supplemented measurements, and data on demographic variables were obtained through accompanying institutional records. Validity and reliability of measurement instruments were established through pilot testing and intra- and inter-observer consistency checks. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics to determine the prevalence and distribution of different morphological variants. Inferential statistics, particularly chi-square tests for categorical variables and ANOVA for continuous measurements, assessed associations between anatomical variations and demographic factors. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis was employed to identify predictors of specific variants. The Anatomical Variability Model, based on the Principles of Developmental Embryology, provided the theoretical framework, while the Phenomenological Theory supported the interpretation of observed anatomical differences. It is anticipated that the findings will reveal a spectrum of morphological variants, with high bifurcation (present in approximately 35% of specimens), accessory branches (noted in about 18%), and aberrations in the course of the profunda femoris artery. Variations are expected to correlate significantly with demographic factors, with certain ethnic groups showing higher prevalence of particular anomalies. These results will contribute novel insights into the frequency, types, and demographic associations of femoral artery variations, filling gaps in the existing literature predominantly based on limited population groups. The study's contribution to knowledge lies in establishing a detailed morphological database that can enhance preoperative planning, guide minimally invasive procedures, and improve the safety profile of femoral artery access in vascular surgeries. It underscores the importance of personalized vascular mapping and highlights the necessity for clinicians to anticipate anatomical variations during interventions. The main conclusion emphasizes that the femoral artery exhibits substantial anatomical variability, which must be systematically recognized to mitigate procedural complications. The study recommends incorporating routine vascular imaging techniques such as duplex ultrasonography and computed tomography angiography into preoperative assessments, especially in populations with higher variant prevalence. Further research employing imaging modalities in live subjects and exploring potential genetic determinants of these variations is also suggested to extend the understanding of femoral artery morphology and its clinical implications.