Design and evaluate a 3D-printed anatomical model for orthopedic education

Thesis Abstract

Orthopedic education increasingly relies on innovative teaching aids to enhance learners' comprehension of complex anatomical structures; however, traditional cadaver-based and plastinated models present limitations related to availability, durability, ethical considerations, and cost. This study aims to design, develop, and evaluate a 3D-printed anatomical model specifically of the proximal femur and acetabulum to improve orthopedic training outcomes. The objectives include assessing the anatomical accuracy and anatomical fidelity of the model, evaluating its educational effectiveness compared to conventional teaching methods, and determining its usability and acceptability among students and educators. A mixed-methods research design integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches was employed. The quantitative component involved the creation of a 3D model using high-resolution imaging data and additive manufacturing techniques, with subsequent validation of anatomical accuracy through measurements compared against gold-standard anatomical references. Two independent expert anatomists performed measurement comparisons using paired t-tests, with a significance threshold set at p<0.05. The qualitative component involved semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with 60 orthopedic students and 10 experienced orthopedic educators, exploring usability, realism, and pedagogical value through thematic analysis. Data collection instruments included digital calipers for anatomical measurement validation, structured questionnaires scored on a 5-point Likert scale to quantify usability and educational effectiveness, and interview guides. The reliability of quantitative instruments was established via Cronbach's alpha (>0.85), while content validity was ensured through expert review. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent-samples t-tests, and ANOVA to compare pre- and post-intervention learning outcomes measured by practical assessments. Qualitative data were transcribed and analyzed through thematic coding, guided by the Constructivist Learning Theory and the Model of Educational Effectiveness to interpret user perceptions and pedagogical impact. The study is expected to yield the following key findings the 3D-printed model demonstrates high anatomical accuracy with measurement differences less than 1 mm compared to reference standards; students utilizing the 3D model show statistically significant improvements in practical assessment scores (p<0.01); and both students and educators report high levels of satisfaction, realism, and perceived pedagogical value, with themes highlighting enhanced spatial understanding and increased engagement. Furthermore, the model's durability and cost-effectiveness make it a viable supplement or alternative to traditional teaching aids in resource-constrained environments. This research contributes to knowledge in anatomical education by providing empirical evidence on the efficacy and practicality of large-scale, cost-effective 3D-printed models for orthopedic training. It advances current pedagogical approaches through the integration of digital fabrication technologies, supported by pedagogical theories emphasizing active and experiential learning. Additionally, it offers a practical framework for developing such models, including validation protocols and usability assessment tools. The main conclusion emphasizes that 3D-printed anatomical models present a viable and effective supplement to conventional orthopedic teaching resources, with noted advantages in accessibility, customization, and durability. Recommendations include integrating these models into standard curricula, expanding their use to cover other complex anatomical regions, and further exploring their long-term impact on clinical skill acquisition through longitudinal studies. Future research should investigate the incorporation of augmented reality overlays and haptic feedback to further enhance immersive learning experiences and anatomical comprehension.