FACTORS INFLUENCING USAGE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AMONG VILLAGE EXTENSION AGENTS IN THREE SELECTED STATES OF NORTH - WEST, NIGERIA

•                        TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------i Declaration-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ii Certification------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iii Dedication---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iv Acknowledgements---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------v Abstract------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ix Table of Contents------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------x List of Tables------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------xiii List of Figures-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------xv List of Appendices-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------xvi List of Abbreviations-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------xviiCHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 
• 1.1Background to the Study----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 
• 1.2Statement of the Problem---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 
• 1.3Objectives of the Study-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7 
• 1.4Research Hypothesis-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8 
• 1.5Justification of the Study-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8 

Chapter TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• 112.1Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------11 
• 2.2Agricultural Development Programmes(ADPs) in Nigeria-------------------------------------------------------11 2.
• 2.1Kaduna State ADP ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -12 2.
• 2.2Kano State ADP -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13 2.
• 2.3Kebbi State ADP ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 14 
• 2.3Agricultural Development and Extension System in Nigeria ------------------------------------------------------- 17 .4 Socio-economic Characteristics of Extension Agents ----------------------------------------------------------------- 19 
• 2.5Perception Studies and Use of ICT ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 2.
• 5.1The Application of Perception in Studies ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 
• 2.6Communicating for Agricultural Development --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 
• 2.7Use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) -------------------------------------------------------- 29 
• 2.8Constraints to the Use of ICT ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  42 

Chapter THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• THEORETICAL MODEL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44 
• 3.1Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  44 
• 3.2Social Change Theory ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44 
• 3.3Model for this Study ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 48 
• 3.4Independent Variables -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48 
• 3.5Dependent Variable -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  51 
• 3.6ICT Effects on Users ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 51 

Chapter FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

• 52 
• 4.1The Study Area ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
• 524.2The Climate and People ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52 
• 4.3Sampling Techniques and Sample Size ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55 
• 4.4Method of Data Collection ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 
• 4.5Operational Definitions and Measurement of Variables ---------------------------------------------------------------- 56 4.
• 5.1Independent variables -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  56 4.
• 5.2Dependent Variable -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  64 4.
• 5.3Effects of ICT on Users ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65 
• 4.6Analytical Techniques ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  65 

Chapter FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 68 
• 5.1Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  68 5.
• 1.0Socio-economic characteristics of VEAs and their perceptions. --------------------------------------------------- 68 5.
• 1.1Socio-economic Characteristics of the Village Extension Agents (VEAs) ------------------------------------- 68 5.
• 1.2The Village Extension Agents (VEA)’s Perceptions based on the Organization factors in Relation to ICT Usage ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------   71 5.
• 1.3The VEA’s Perceptions based on Environmental factors in Relation to ICT Usage -------------------------73 5.
• 2.1Level of Awareness by VEAs ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 76 5.
• 2.2Level of Accessibility of ICT to VEAs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 81 
• 5.3The Extent of usage of ICT by VEAs on their work ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 85 
• 5.4Relationship between the selected VEAs’ characteristics and usage of ICT ----------------------------------90 
• 5.5The Effects of ICT usage by VEAs 99
• 5.6Problems encountered by VEAs in using ICT ------------------102 CHAPTER SIX: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ----------------------------------------118 
• 6.1Summary ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  118 
• 6.2Conclusion ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 119 
• 6.3Recommendations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------   120 
• 6.0REFERENCES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 122 
• 7.0APPENDICES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 141