Comparative evaluation of grass, legume and their mixture with brewers' spent grains fed to west african dwarf rams | Blazingprojects Postgraduate Thesis
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Comparative evaluation of grass, legume and their mixture with brewers' spent grains fed to west african dwarf rams

 

Table Of Contents


  • Title page         –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           iCertification   –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           iiDedication     –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           iiiAcknowledgement     –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           ivAbstract         –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           viTable of Contents       –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           viiList of Tables –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           x        

Chapter ONE

INTRODUCTION

  •     INTRODUCTION1.1 Background of the Study –           –           –           –           –           –           –          
  • 11.2Statement of Problem       –           –           –           –           –           –           –          
  • 21.3Objectives of the Study   –           –           –           –           –           –           –          
  • 31.4Justification of the Study             –           –           –           –           –           –           –           3CHAPTER TWO:   LITERATURE REVIEW  
  • 2.1General Description of Sheep       –           –           –           –           –           –          
  • 42.2Taxonomy of Sheep         –           –           –           –           –           –           –          
  • 52.3Sheep Production Statistics         –           –           –           –           –           –          
  • 52.4Characteristics/Importance of Sheep       –           –           –           –           –           72.
  • 4.1Small Size         –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           72.
  • 4.2Reproductive efficiency           –           –           –           –           –           –           –         82.
  • 4.3Feeding behavior           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           82.
  • 4.4Feed Utilization Efficiency       –           –           –           –           –           –           92.
  • 4.5Fitness   –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           102.
  • 4.6Socio-economic –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –          
  • 102.5Nutrient Requirements of Sheep –           –           –           –           –           –          
  • 112.6Factors Affecting Nutrient Requirements-           –                       –           –          
  • 142.7Constraints and Possible Remedies to Sheep Production-         –           –           162.
  • 7.1Major constraints to ruminant production (Sheep Production) –           –           162.
  • 7.2Remedies to Sheep production constraints       –           –           –           –          
  • 172.8Digestibility-       –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           172.
  • 8.1Digestibility of mixed forages with BSG         –           –           –           –           182.
  • 8.2Digestibility of grasses mixed with Gliricidia sepium   –           –           -
  • 192.9Estimating Digestibility of Fibre –           –           –           –           –           –           192.
  • 9.1Factors affecting fibre digestibility –     –           –           –           –           –          
  • 202.10Forages   –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           222.
  • 10.1Grass forage     –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           232.10.
  • 1.1Guinea grass –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           232.10.
  • 1.2Nutritional qualities of guinea grass-           –           –           –           –           242.
  • 10.2Forage legumes           –           –           –           –           –           –           –           252.10.
  • 2.1Gliricidia sepium       –           –           –           –           –           –           -
  • 272.11Brewer’ Spent Grains (BSG)     –           –           –           –           –           –           282.
  • 11.1Future Perspective of Brewers Spent Grains   –           –           –           –           292.
  • 11.2Chemical Composition of Brewers’ Spent Grain         –           –           –           29CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS3.1 Experimental site –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –          
  • 323.2Experimental animals       –           –           –           –           –           –           –          
  • 323.3Experimental treatments   –           –           –           –           –           –           –          
  • 323.4Data collection     –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –          
  • 333.5Experimental design         –           –           –           –           –           –           –           34CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION4.1       Proximate Composition (% DM) of Forages and BSG         –           –          
  • 354.2      Proximate Composition (% DM) of Faeces   –           –           –           –           374.3Voluntary and Nutrient Intake of WAD sheep Fed           P. maximum, Gliricidia and BSG-   –             –           –           –           –          
  • 384.4      Digestibility of WAD Rams fed P. maximum,Gliricidia sepium and BSG – –           –           –           –           –           –           414.5Nitrogen Balance of WAD rams fed P. maximum,Gliricidia sepium and Brewers’ Spent Grains.            –           –           –           42CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION5.1       Conclusion     –           –           –           –           –           –           –           –          
  • 445.3      Recommendation       –           –           –           –           –           –           –           44            References      AppendixLIST OF TABLESTable 1             Experimental Layout –           –           –           –           –           34Table 2Proximate Composition (% DM) of Forages and BSG-         36Table 3             Proximate Composition (% DM) of Faeces   –           –           38Table 4Voluntary and Nutrient Intake of WAD SheepFed P. maximum, Gliricidia and BSG           –           –           –           39Table 5Digestibility of WAD Rams Fed P. maximum,Gliricidia sepium and BSG     –           –           –           –           42Table 6             Nitrogen Balance of WAD Rams fedP. maximum, Gliricidia sepium and Brewers’Spent Grains   –           –           –           –           –           –           43

Thesis Abstract

Four West African Dwarf sheep
were used to investigate the effect of brewers’ spent grains supplementation on
the utilization of mixed forage diets. The sheep were randomly assigned three
dietary treatments treatment 1- Gliricidia
sepium (G. sepium
) + 200 g brewers’ spent grain (BSG), treatment 2- Panicum maximum (P. maximum) grass + 200 g BSG, and treatment 3- G. sepium (50%) + P. maximum (50%) + 200 g BSG, with four rams per treatment diet for
42 days. Data were collected on
feed intake and faeces voided during a digestibility trial. The results
revealed that animals fed on Treatment1 recorded the highest (p<0.05) total
dry matter intake (1626.83 g), total crude fibre intake (464.56 g), total
nitrogen free extract (846.35 g) and total organic matter intake (1563.69 g).
Animals on treatment 2 recorded the highest (p<0.05) total crude protein
intake (274.06 g) and total ether extract intake (73.19 g). Highest ash intake
was recorded in treatment 3 (76.65 g). Animals fed treatment 2 recorded the
highest digestibility % (P<0.05) in all nutrient parameters, while the least
was observed for those fed diet treatment 3. Animals fed treatment 2 utilized their diet efficiently
and which resulted in best digestibility while the least efficiency of
utilization was observed in animals on diet treatment 3. Results from this
study revealed that supplementation of forages with agro-industrial by-products
such as BSG enhances utilization of forages.

Thesis Overview

<p> </p><p>Inadequate feeding is a major limiting factor to small<br>ruminant production in tropical Africa (Ademosun, 2010). Fodder is of poor<br>nutritional value for most of the year due to the rainfall pattern. In the arid<br>and semi-arid zones, rainfall is less than 600 mm and between 600-1000 mm per<br>year, respectively. Many conventional diets for ruminants in the tropics are<br>poor quality roughages typified by high Neutral Detergent Fibre (NDF), low<br>nitrogen contents and slow fermentation rates. This poor dietary combination<br>leads to decreased intake, weight loss, increased susceptibility to health<br>risks and reduced reproductive performance. Including herbaceous legumes in<br>these feeding regimes helps to rectify some of the problems associated with low<br>protein and high fibre diets. Poppi and Mclennan, (1995) suggested that to<br>optimise the benefits of lablab as a feed source, it should be grazed in<br>conjunction with poor quality feedstuffs.</p><p>The quality of available forage is low and browse species<br>which can provide higher levels of proteins and carbohydrates are sparsely<br>dispersed. In the humid and sub-humid zones, up to six months of the year can<br>be rainless, resulting in poor quality forages. The rapid buildup of cell-wall<br>materials and decline in crude protein (CP) content with maturity reduces the<br>nutritional value of the forages. Little is known about the nutritional value,<br>distribution, palatability, seedling vigour and seasonal production of the<br>forage species that characterise the natural grassland. This is particularly<br>true of the arid, semi-arid and sub-humid areas which contain 75% of the sheep<br>and 80% of the goats of tropical Africa and where the rangeland is the most<br>important source of food (FAOSTAT, 2013). Besides the use of browse, other<br>strategies can be employed to improve the feeding of animals. During the dry<br>season, the quality of available herbage is so low that, unless the animals<br>have access to supplementary feeds, they lose weight. These supplementary feeds<br>can be obtained from agro-industrial by-products such as residues of oil<br>extracted from oil bearing seeds (groundnuts, coconut, palm kernels, cotton<br>seed, soyabean etc), by-products of grain processing (maize, rice, wheat,<br>sorghum, millet etc), peelings of crops (yams, cassava, potatoes, plantains</p> <br><p></p>

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