Impact of urbanization on breeding success of Grey-headed Lapwings in farmland habitats

Thesis Abstract

Urban expansion into agricultural landscapes poses significant challenges to the reproductive success of ground-nesting bird species, notably the Grey-headed Lapwing (Vanellus cinereus), whose breeding success is influenced by habitat disturbance, predation pressure, and resource availability. This study aims to assess the impact of urbanization on the breeding outcomes of Grey-headed Lapwings in farmland habitats. Specifically, it seeks to quantify breeding success rates across gradients of urban encroachment, identify key environmental and anthropogenic factors affecting nesting success, and evaluate how habitat modifications associated with urbanization influence reproductive behaviors. The research adopts a mixed-methods design, integrating quantitative field data with qualitative habitat assessments. The study population comprises Grey-headed Lapwing breeding pairs located in three farmland zones categorized as low, moderate, and high urbanization levels within the broader agricultural landscape. A stratified random sampling technique was employed to select 45 nests per zone, totaling 135 nests, with each nest monitored throughout the breeding season over two consecutive years. Data collection involved direct nest observations using standardized checklists to record clutch size, incubation period, hatching success, and fledgling rates, complemented by habitat assessments using GIS mapping, land-use surveys, and predator abundance counts. The reliability and validity of data instruments were ensured through pilot testing and calibration of survey tools, alongside inter-observer reliability checks. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA to compare breeding success metrics across urbanization levels, and multiple regression analysis to assess the influence of habitat variables on reproductive outcomes. A conceptual framework based on the Habitat Selection Theory and the Landscape Ecology Model guides the analysis and interpretation, elucidating how habitat fragmentation, human disturbance, and predator presence mediate breeding success. It is anticipated that the results will reveal a negative correlation between the degree of urbanization and reproductive success, with nests in highly urbanized zones exhibiting significantly lower hatching and fledgling rates due to increased disturbance and predator activity. These findings are expected to contribute new empirical evidence demonstrating how urban expansion compromises ground-nesting bird populations, particularly the Grey-headed Lapwing, underlining the importance of habitat conservation within agricultural landscapes. The study asserts that conserving undisturbed patches within farmland and implementing predator management strategies can mitigate some adverse effects of urbanization on breeding success. The research also highlights the need for integrated land-use planning that incorporates biodiversity considerations in urban expansion strategies. Conclusively, the study recommends targeted habitat restoration, the establishment of protected nesting zones, and community awareness programs to promote coexistence of agriculture and biodiversity. The findings aim to inform policymakers, conservation practitioners, and land managers on strategies to enhance reproductive success and ensure the persistence of Grey-headed Lapwing populations amid ongoing urbanization pressures.