Aphrodi siac and reproductive studies on methanol root bark extract of securinega virosa roxb . ex. willd. baill in male wistar rats

• Declaration……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….i Certification…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….ii Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………………………………………iii Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. iv Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..v Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….vi List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………xi List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………………..xii List of Plates…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………xiii Abbreviations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..xiv

Chapter ONE

INTRODUCTION

• 1.1Introduction……….……………………………………………………………………….…..1
• 1.2Statement of Research Problem…….……………………………………………………………2
• 1.3Justification of the study………..………………………………………………………………3
• 1.4Aim of the Study………………………………………………………………….………………3
• 1.5Objectives of the Study………………………………………………………….………………4
• 1.6Research Hypothesis…………………………………………………………….……………..4

Chapter TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• 2.0LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………………………………5
• 2.1Male Reproductive system…………………………………………………………………..5 2.
• 1.1Anatomy of the Penis…………………………………………………………………………..5 2.
• 1.2Blood Supply to the Penis……..……………………………………………………..……….5 8 2.
• 1.3Nerve Supply ……………………………….…………………………………………………7 2.
• 1.4Physiology of Erection……………………………..……………………………………………7
• 2.2Physiology of penile erection………………………………………………………………………………………8 2.
• 2.1The interactions between autonomic and somatic innervations in the control of male sexual cycle ………………………………………………………………………………………..8 2.
• 2.2Libido or Sexual Desire……………………………………………………..……..………..11 2.
• 2.3Erection………………………………….………………………………..………..………..12 2.
• 2.4Ejaculation…………………………………………………………………………………13 2.
• 2.5Orgasm………………………………………………………………………….………….14 2.
• 2.6Detumescence………………………………………………………………………………14
• 2.3Male Sexual Dysfunction……………………………………………………………………15
• 2.4Classification of Male Sexual Dysfunction………………………………………………….16 2.
• 4.1Disorders of Desire…………………………………………………………………………17 2.
• 4.2Erectile Dysfunction…………………………………………………………..……………17 2.
• 4.3Disorders of Ejaculation…………………………………………………….………………18 2.
• 4.4Disorders of Orgasm………………………………………………………………………..20 2.
• 4.5Failure of Detumescence…………………………………………………….……………..20 2.
• 4.6Management of Male sexual dysfunction…………………………………………………..21 2.
• 4.7Some drugs used to manage male sexual dysfunction………………………………………21
• 2.5Aphrodisiac……………………………………………………………………….………….23 2.
• 5.1Some Mechanisms Involved in Aphrodisiac potentials………………………..……………24 2.
• 5.2Some Medicinal Plants with Aphrodisiac Potentials………………….……………………..25
• 2.6Securinega Virosa…………………………………………………………..………………25 2.
• 6.1Distribution………………………………………………………………..….…………….26 2.
• 6.2Ethnomedical Uses…………………………………………………………………………..27 9 2.
• 6.3Ethnobotanical Uses……………………………………………………………..………….28 2.
• 6.2Previous Pharmacological studies……………………………………………..……………28

Chapter THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• 3.0Material and Methods……………………………………………….………..……………30
• 3.1Material….. ……………..…………………………………………..…………..……………30 3.
• 1.1Equipment and Apparatus………………………………………….……..………………..30 3.
• 1.2Animals…………………………………………………………….……………………….30 3.1.
• 3.Drugs Chemicals and Extracts…………………………………………….………………31
• 3.2Plant Matetrial……………………………………………………….……………………..31 3.
• 2.1Collection and Identification of Plant Material……………………….……………………31 3.
• 2.2Preparation of Extract………………………………………………..…………………….31
• 3.3Phytochemical study…………………………………………………………………………32 3.
• 3.1Test for carbohydrates………………………………………………………………………32 3.
• 3.2Test for flavonoids…………………………………………………….…….………………32 3.
• 3.3Test for cardiac glycosides………………………………………………………….…………33 3.
• 3.4Test for cyanogenetic glycosides……………………………………..…………………….33 3.
• 3.5Test for saponins…………………………………………………………………………….34 3.
• 3.6Test for tannin………………………………………………………………….……………34 3.
• 3.7Test for steroids and terpenoids…………………………………………………………….34 3.
• 3.8Test for alkaloids……………………………………………………………..…………….35 3.
• 3.9Test for anthraquinones and their derivatives…………………………….………..………35
• 3.4Toxicological Studies……………………………………………………….………………36 3.
• 4.1Acute toxicity study (Estimation of mean lethal dose, LD50)………………………..……..36
• 3.5Evaluation of Aphrodisiac potentials of methanolic root bark extract of Securinega virosa………………..………………………………………………….……………36 10 3.5.
• 1.Mating performance test and Mounting behavioural test (Test for lipido)…………….…..36 3.5.
• 2.Effect on sexual and vital organ weight……………………………………………….…..39 3.
• 5.3Histopathological examination……………………………………………………………..39
• 3.6Evaluation of effects of Securinega virosa on male sex hormones and sperm parameters………………………………………………………………….……………40 3.
• 6.1Effects of Securinega virosa on male sex hormones (Hormonal estimation)……………..40 3.
• 6.2Evaluation of sperm motility and morphology……………………………………….……43 3.
• 6.3Assessment of sperm production………………………………………………..……..…..44
• 3.7Statistical Analysis………………………………………………………………………….44

Chapter FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

• 4.0RESULTS……………………………………………………………………………………45
• 4.1Preliminary Phytochemical Screening………………………………………………………..45
• 4.2Acute toxicity Studies………………………………………………………….…………….46
• 4.3Effect of Methanolic Root Bark Extract of Securinega virosa (SV) on Mating Behaviour in Adult Male Wistar Rats Treated for Twenty-one (21) days………………………..……….. 47
• 4.4Effect of Methanolic Root Bark Extract of Securinega virosa (SV) on Computed Mating Behaviour in Adult Male Wistar Rats Treated for 21 days………………………………… 49
• 4.5Effect of Methanolic Root Bark Extract of Securinega virosa (SV) on Sexual Orientation Activity in Adult Male Wistar Rats Treated for 21 days…………………………………… 51
• 4.6Effect of Methanolic Root Bark Extract of Securinega virosa (SV) on Serum Testosterone Hormone level in Adult Male Wistar Rats Treated for 21 days………………….………… 53
• 4.7Effect of Methanolic Root Bark Extract of Securinega virosa (SV) on Serum Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Level in Adult Male Wistar Rats Treated for 21 days………….…………. 55 11
• 4.8Effect of Methanolic Root Bark Extract of Securinega virosa (SV) on Serum Follicle Stimulating hormone (Level in Adult Male Wistar Rats Treated for 21 days….………….. 57
• 4.9Effect of Methanolic Root Bark Extract of Securinega virosa (SV) on Sperm Motility in Adult Male Wistar Rats Treated for 21 days……….……………………………….. 59
• 4.10Effect of methanol root bark extract of Securinega Virosa (SV) on Sperm count in adult male wistar rats treated for 21 days………………………………….…………….61
• 4.11Effect of methanol root bark extract of Securinega Virosa (SV) on Sperm Morphology In adult male wistar rats treated for 21 days………………………….…………….63
• 4.12Effect of methanol root bark extract of Securinega Virosa (SV) on Sperm viability in adult male wistar rats treated for 21 days……………………….…..……………….65
• 4.13Effect of methanol root bark extract of Securinega Virosa (SV) on weight of vital organs of adult male wistar rats treated for twenty one (21) days………….…………………….67
• 4.14Effect of methanol root bark extract of Securinega Virosa (SV) on weight of Reproductive organs of adult male wistar rats treated for twenty one (21) days …………….….69
• 4.15Effect of methanol root bark extract of Securinega Virosa (SV) on testicular tissue in adult male wistar rats treated for 21 days……………………………………..…………71
• 5.0DISCUSSION…………………………………………………………………..……….…..76
• 6.0CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION…………………………………………….82
• 6.1Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………… …..82
• 6.2Recommendations…………………………………………………………………………….82
• 6.3Contributions to knowledge…………………………………………………………………..83 References ……………………………………………………………………………………..84