Studies on the co-infectivity of hiv and atypical mycobacteria | Blazingprojects Postgraduate Thesis
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Studies on the co-infectivity of hiv and atypical mycobacteria

 

Table Of Contents


Chapter ONE

INTRODUCTION

  • 1.1Introduction
  • 1.2Background of Study
  • 1.3Problem Statement
  • 1.4Objective of Study
  • 1.5Limitation of Study
  • 1.6Scope of Study
  • 1.7Significance of Study
  • 1.8Structure of the Research
  • 1.9Definition of Terms

Chapter TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

  • 2.1Overview of HIV
  • 2.2Atypical Mycobacteria: Causes and Characteristics
  • 2.3Co-infectivity of HIV and Atypical Mycobacteria
  • 2.4Impact of Co-infection on Clinical Outcomes
  • 2.5Diagnosis and Treatment of Co-infection
  • 2.6Global Epidemiology of HIV and Atypical Mycobacterial Infections
  • 2.7Prevention Strategies for Co-infection
  • 2.8Challenges in Managing Co-infectivity
  • 2.9Research Gaps in the Field
  • 2.10Future Directions in Studying Co-infectivity

Chapter THREE

SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

  • 3.1Research Design and Rationale
  • 3.2Sampling Methods and Participants
  • 3.3Data Collection Techniques
  • 3.4Data Analysis Procedures
  • 3.5Ethical Considerations
  • 3.6Instrumentation and Tools
  • 3.7Reliability and Validity
  • 3.8Limitations of the Methodology

Chapter FOUR

SYSTEM TESTING AND EVALUATION

  • 4.1Overview of Findings
  • 4.2Demographic Characteristics of Participants
  • 4.3Prevalence of Co-infectivity
  • 4.4Clinical Manifestations of Co-infection
  • 4.5Treatment Outcomes
  • 4.6Factors Influencing Co-infection
  • 4.7Comparison with Existing Literature
  • 4.8Implications for Practice

Chapter FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

  • 5.1Summary of Findings
  • 5.2Conclusion
  • 5.3Recommendations for Future Research
  • 5.4Practical Implications
  • 5.5Contribution to the Field

Thesis Abstract

The increasing global incidence of tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) has been attributed to immunosuppresion due to the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic.  The paucity of information on the contribution of NTM to mycobacterial infections in Africa including Nigeria has however been closely associated with limited laboratory culture for its isolation and identification. This study investigated the co-infectivity of HIV and Atypical Mycobacteria in Nsukka L.G.A.  Two hundred cases (100 HIV negative 56 males and 44 females and 100 HIV positive- 39 males and 61 females), between the ages of 15 and 71 years with mean age of 37.5 years participated in the research.  HIV antibodies were screened using two HIV test kits the Determine (Abbot Co Ltd, Japan) for preliminary test and the Gold (Unigold) which was used to check for consistency. CD4+ count was carried out using the cytometry (CyFlow®) , while acid fast bacilli (AFB) were identified by the Ziehl-Neelson staining technique. AFB positive samples were subjected to nested PCR for species identification. T-test was employed to check for statistical significance between the mean prevalence in test and control groups and CD4 count of HIV single infection and co infection with TB. Chi square correlation was also employed to check for relationship between the demographic characteristics and the distribution of the disease.

Thesis Overview

<p> </p><p><strong>INTRODUCTION</strong></p><p>Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that primarily affects lungs causing pulmonary tuberculosis but can also affect meninges, intestine, bones, lymph nodes, skin and other tissues of the body. Worldwide, tuberculosis causes 2.9 million deaths annually (WHO, 1998). An estimated two billion persons are currently infected with <em>Mycobacterium</em><em>tuberculosis </em>and other<em>&nbsp;Mycobacterium </em>species. The rates of increase are even greater indeveloping countries, primarily because of increased immigration of people from regions of high endemicity, declining socio-economic conditions in densely populated cities and the increasing number of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals (Szabo, 1990). The total number of tuberculosis cases in the world is increasing and the HIV epidemic is implicated for this increased incidence and an estimated three million persons with tuberculosis worldwide also have AIDS. Over 125 <em>Mycobacterium</em>&nbsp;species have been</p><p>characterized &nbsp;and &nbsp; &nbsp;identified &nbsp; (Griffith &nbsp; <em>et</em>&nbsp; &nbsp; <em>al</em>, &nbsp; 2007).</p> <br><p></p>

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