Production and performance evaluation of biodiesel from hibiscus sabdariffa and hibiscus surattensis

• Cover Page———————————————————————————————i Declaration——————————————————————————————–ii Certification——————————————————————————————iii Dedication——————————————————————————————–iv Acknowledgement———————————————————————————–v Abstract———————————————————————————————–vi Table of Contents———————————————————————————–vii List of Figures—————————————————————————————xii List of Tables—————————————————————————————xiii List of Plates—————————————————————————————–xv List of Appendices———————————————————————————xvi Abbreviation—————————————————————————————xvii

Chapter ONE

INTRODUCTION

• 1.0Background—————————————————————————————1
• 1.1Statement of Research Problem—————————————————————-2
• 1.2Present Research———————————————————————————3
• 1.3Significance of Research————————————————————————3
• 1.4Objective——————————————————————————————4
• 1.5Justification—————————————————————————————5
• 1.6Methodology————————————————————————————-6 – 9 –
• 1.7Scope———————————————————————————————-6

Chapter TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• 2.0Historical Background of Biodiesel———————————————————–7
• 2.1Review Past Work in the Area—————————————————————12
• 2.2Ways of Running Diesel Engine with Biofuel ———————————————14 2.
• 2.1Mixing it ————————————————————————————–15 2.
• 2.2Straight Vegetable Oil ———————————————————————-16 2.
• 2.3Biodiesel or SVO? ————————————————————————–17
• 2.3Definition and Theory of Combustion Engine ——————————————–18 2.
• 3.1Engines —————————————————————————————18 2.3.
• 1.1The Internal Combustion Engine ——————————————————-18 2.3.
• 1.2External Combustion Engine ————————————————————18 2.
• 3.2Compression Ignition Engine ————————————————————–18
• 2.4Performance Criteria for Internal Combustion Engine ———————————–20 2.
• 4.1Indicated Power (ip) ————————————————————————21 2.
• 4.2Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (Pi) —————————————————22 2.
• 4.3Brake Power (bp) —————————————————————————-22 2.
• 4.4Brake Mean Effective Pressure (bmep) ————————————————–23 3.
• 4.5Friction Power (fp) ————————————————————————–23 2.
• 4.6Mechanical Efficiency (ô€ŸŸô€¯ ) —————————————————————23 2.
• 4.7Brake Thermal Efficiency (ô€ŸŸô€®»ô€¯) and Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ô€ŸŸô€¯‚ô€¯) ———-24 2.
• 4.8Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) and Volumetric Efficiency ———————–24 – 10 –
• 2.5Transesterification —————————————————————————–25 2.
• 5.1General Aspects of Transesterification ————————————————–25 2.
• 5.2Transesterification of Vegetable Oils —————————————————–26 2.5.
• 2.1Acid – Catalyzed Processes ————————————————————–27 2.5.
• 2.2Base –Catalyzed Processes ————————————————————–29
• 2.6Brief Description of the Seed Plants ——————————————————–31 2.
• 6.1Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. ———————————————————————-31 2.
• 6.2Hibiscus Surattensis ————————————————————————33
• 2.7Description of Oil Extractor ——————————————————————34
• 2.8Test Engine ————————————————————————————-38

Chapter THREE

SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

• MATERIALS AND METHODS
• 3.0Introduction ————————————————————————————-40
• 3.1Equipment Used ——————————————————————————-40 3.
• 1.1Determination of Physicochemical Properties ——————————————40 3.1.
• 1.1Viscosity ———————————————————————————–40 3.1.
• 1.2Relative Density —————————————————————————40 3.1.
• 1.3Calorific Value —————————————————————————-40 3.1.
• 1.4Flash Point ———————————————————————————40 3.1.
• 1.5Acid Value ———————————————————————————40 3.1.
• 1.6Saponification Value ———————————————————————41 3.1.
• 1.7Ash Content ——————————————————————————-41 3.1.
• 1.8Carbon Content —————————————————————————-41 – 11 – 3.1.
• 1.9Iodine Value/ Number ——————————————————————–41 3.1.
• 1.10Hydrogen Value ————————————————————————-41 3.
• 1.2Oil Extractor ———————————————————————————41 3.
• 1.3Transesterification —————————————————————————42
• 3.2Seed Collection———————————————————————————42
• 3.3Method of Extraction of Oil ——————————————————————42 3.
• 3.1Oil Yield of Seeds —————————————————————————42
• 3.4Physico-Chemical Characterization ———————————————————43 3.
• 4.1Viscosity ————————————————————————————–43 3.
• 4.2Flash Point ———————————————————————————–43 3.
• 4.3Calorific Value ——————————————————————————-44 3.
• 4.4Relative Density —————————————————————————–44 3.
• 4.5Acid Value ———————————————————————————–44 3.
• 4.6Ash Content ———————————————————————————-44 3.
• 4.7Carbon Content ——————————————————————————45 3.
• 4.8Saponification Value ————————————————————————45 3.
• 4.9Iodine Value ———————————————————————————45 3.
• 4.10Hydrogen Content ————————————————————————-45
• 3.5Methyl Ester Preparation (Transesterification) ——————————————–59
• 3.6Diesel Fuels and Blend ———————————————————————–59
• 3.7Experimentation——————————————————————————–60 3.
• 7.1Procedure for Engine Performance Test————————————————–60
• 3.8Experimental Calculations——————————————————————–61 – 12 –

Chapter FOUR

SYSTEM TESTING AND EVALUATION

• RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
• 4.0Introduction————————————————————————————-66
• 4.1Discussion OF Results————————————————————————-81 4.
• 1.1Viscosity—————————————————————————————81 4.
• 1.2Torque—————————————————————————————–81 4.
• 1.3Brake Horse Power————————————————————————–82 4.
• 1.4Fuel Consumption—————————————————————————-82 4.
• 1.5Specific Fuel Consumption—————————————————————–83
• 4.2Cost Implication——————————————————————————–83

Chapter FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
• 5.0Summary—————————————————————————————-84
• 5.1Conclusion————————————————————————————–85
• 5.2Recommendation——————————————————————————-86 REFERENCES————————————————————————————87 – 13 –