CHARACTERIZATION OF AZARA COPPER ORE DEPOSIT, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA | Blazingprojects Postgraduate Thesis
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CHARACTERIZATION OF AZARA COPPER ORE DEPOSIT, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA

 

Table Of Contents


  • TABLE OF CONTENTSTitle PageAbstractTable of Contents CHAPTER ONE1.0       INTRODUCTION1.1       Preamble1.2       Statement of the Problem1.3       Justification of the Study1.4       Aim and Objectives of the Study1.5       Scope of the Study CHAPTER TWO2.
  • 0.     LITERATURE REVIEW2.
  • 1.     Copper Ore Type and World Deposits2.
  • 2.     Some Nigerian Copper Ore Deposits2.3 Previous Work done on Some Nigerian Copper Ore Deposits2.
  • 4. Mineral  Processing  Conceptual Parameters for the Development of a Process Route for a Newly Discovered Ore2.
  • 5.Mineral Processing Techniques2.5.
  • 1.Comminution Process2.5.
  • 2.Size Analysis2.5.
  • 3.Liberation Size2.5.
  • 4.Work Index2.
  • 6.Concentration Processes2.6.
  • 1.Ore sorting2.6.
  • 2.Gravity concentration2.6.
  • 3.Froth Flotation2.6.
  • 4.Magnetic Separation and Electrostatic Separation2.
  • 7.Analytical Methods Used in Metallurgical Analysis and Characterization2.7.
  • 1.Microscopic Properties of Mineral and the Petrographic Microscope2.7.
  • 2.X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)2.7.
  • 3.X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)2.7.
  • 4.Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)2.
  • 8.Azara Copper Ore Deposit2.
  • 8.1Location of Project Area                       CHAPTER THREE3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS3.1 Equipment and Materials Used3.2 Methods3.
  • 2.1Sample Collection3.2.
  • 2.Laboratory Sampling and Preparation3.2.
  • 3.Physical Observation3.
  • 2.4Determination of the Hardness of the Ore3.
  • 2.5Determination of Specific Gravity (Relative Density)3.
  • 2.6Determination of Electrical conductivity3.2.
  • 8.Determination of the Chemical Composition of the Ore3.2.
  • 9.Mineralogical Analysis of the Ore3.2.9.
  • 1.Preparation Procedures of Rock Section for Petrological Analysis3.2.
  • 10.Sieve Analysis and Liberation Studies3.2.
  • 11.Determination of Work Index CHAPTER FOUR4.0       RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS4.1       Physico - Chemical Properties of the Ore4.
  • 1.1   The Specific Gravity Test of the Ore4.1.
  • 2.  Electrical Property of the Ore4.2       Chemical Characterization of the Ore Sample4.
  • 2.1   Determination of the Chemical Composition of the Ore4.
  • 2.2   Mineralogical Characterization of the Azara Copper Ore Sample4.2.
  • 3.  Petrological Analysis4.3       Sieve Analysis and Liberation Studies4.4       Determination of Work index CHAPTER FIVE5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION5.1       Conclusion5.2       RecommendationReferencesAppendices

Thesis Abstract

Abstract
The characterization of Azara copper ore was carried out. The samples were collected from three different locations in Azara, Awe Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. The physical observation shows that the ore has metallic lustre, dark bronze with greenish stripe and irregular or uneven breakages. The results obtained from physical analysis of the ore reveals that it has hardness of 3.5 on Moh’s hardness scale, the specific gravity of 4.40 and electrical conductivity of8.096 × 10−7Ω−1 −1. The XRF analysis of the sample reveals that the ore contains18.07% Fe, 3.30% Cu, 0.78% Pb, 0.48% Mn, 1.43% Ca, 0.66%Sn, 0.03%Sr, 0.11%Zn, 0.03%Zr, 0.34%Ti, 0.02%Nb, 0.03%Sb, 0.03%Ag, 0.07%As, 19.62%Si and 1.66%S. The mineralogical analysis of copper ore using XRD reveals that the ore containsanatase, zincite, chalcopyrite, hopeite, hematite, goethite, calcite, tenrite and pyrite. The result of SEM/EDS analysis reveals that the copper bearing minerals are separated from other minerals in the ore by smooth grains boundaries and are not locked with other minerals, hence, making it easy to free the copper from other associated minerals by comminution. The particle size sieves analyses reveals that the assays of the copper mineral are as follows1.85% Cu in – 355 + 250 , 0.43% Cu in – 250 + 180 , 2.35% Cu in – 180 + 125 , 1.9% Cu in – 125 + 90 , 6.53% Cuin – 90 + 50 and 6.73% Cuin – 50 .The liberation size of the ore was found to be below50 and the work Index of the ore was determined using the modified Bond method (Barry and Bruce method) and found to be 12.989kWh/tonne and classified as type B orewith soft medium texture using the Mathurgrindability chart. Hence the Azara copper ore could be seen as another potential source of copper mineral that can be beneficiated and utilized for the production of copper metal and alloys for the nation metallurgical industry.


CHAPTER ONE
1.0.                                                                            INTRODUCTION
1.1. Preamble
In view of the desire of Nigeria to become one of the twenty leading economies in the world, there is a need to diversify the economic base of the nation. The mineral sector has the capacity to increase the fortune and create more jobs, thereby, enhancing industrial growth. It has been established that Nigeria is endowed with mineral resources; both metallic and non-metallic. However, the nature of these mineral types in a deposit ought to be established in order to facilitate the downstream concentration processes and production of high grade concentrate for extraction and utilization in metallurgical industries. These processes are no doubt relative to the nature of the composition, for example copper's existence as chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), chalcocite (Cu2S), covellite (CuS), malachite (CuCO3.Cu(OH)2), cuprite (Cu2O), etc. is a typical case (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2014).

The extraction of specific valuable minerals from their naturally occurring ores is variously termed as “ore dressing” “mineral dressing” and “minerals beneficiation”. For most metalliferrous ores produced by mining operations, beneficiation is an important intermediate step in the transformation of natural ore to pure metal.Therefore, it is imperative that the key to successful beneficiation of an ore is greatly attached to the amount of information available on the nature and properties of the various components making up the ore. In order to achieve this, adequate chemical and mineralogical studies of an ore must be carried out (Craig and Vaughan, 1981).

According to data compiled by the International Copper Study Group (ICSG) in 2012, global consumption of refined copper in 2011 rose by 2.7% (500,000 tonnes) to 19.9 million metric......

Thesis Overview

<p> </p><div> <div>&nbsp;<b>INTRODUCTION</b></div><div><b>1.1. Preamble</b></div><div>In view of the desire of Nigeria to become one of the twenty leading economies in the world, there is a need to diversify the economic base of the nation. The mineral sector has the capacity to increase the fortune and create more jobs, thereby, enhancing industrial growth. It has been established that Nigeria is endowed with mineral resources; both metallic and non-metallic. However, the nature of these mineral types in a deposit ought to be established in order to facilitate the downstream concentration processes and production of high grade concentrate for extraction and utilization in metallurgical industries. These processes are no doubt relative to the nature of the composition, for example copper's existence as chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), chalcocite (Cu2S), covellite (CuS), malachite (CuCO3.Cu(OH)2), cuprite (Cu2O), etc. is a typical case (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2014).</div><div><br></div><div>The extraction of specific valuable minerals from their naturally occurring ores is variously termed as “ore dressing” “mineral dressing” and “minerals beneficiation”. For most metalliferrous ores produced by mining operations, beneficiation is an important intermediate step in the transformation of natural ore to pure metal.Therefore, it is imperative that the key to successful beneficiation of an ore is greatly attached to the amount of information available on the nature and properties of the various components making up the ore. In order to achieve this, adequate chemical and mineralogical studies of an ore must be carried out (Craig and Vaughan, 1981).</div><div><br></div><div>According to data compiled by the International Copper Study Group (ICSG) in 2012, global consumption of refined copper in 2011 rose by 2.7% (500,000 tonnes) to 19.9 million metric......</div> <br></div><p></p>

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