Oil spillage and environmental degradation an indictment to human right and environmental law | Blazingprojects Postgraduate Thesis
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Oil spillage and environmental degradation an indictment to human right and environmental law

 

Table Of Contents

Chapter ONE

INTRODUCTION

  • 1.1Introduction
  • 1.2Background of Study
  • 1.3Problem Statement
  • 1.4Objectives of Study
  • 1.5Limitation of Study
  • 1.6Scope of Study
  • 1.7Significance of Study
  • 1.8Structure of the Research
  • 1.9Definition of Terms

Chapter TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

  • 2.1Overview of Oil Spillage
  • 2.2Environmental Degradation Causes
  • 2.3Human Rights Perspective
  • 2.4International Environmental Law
  • 2.5National Environmental Legislation
  • 2.6Impact on Biodiversity
  • 2.7Economic Effects
  • 2.8Social Implications
  • 2.9Technological Solutions
  • 2.10Community Involvement

Chapter THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

  • 3.1Research Design
  • 3.2Sampling Methods
  • 3.3Data Collection Techniques
  • 3.4Data Analysis Procedures
  • 3.5Ethical Considerations
  • 3.6Research Validity and Reliability
  • 3.7Research Limitations
  • 3.8Timeframe for Research

Chapter FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

  • 4.1Overview of Research Findings
  • 4.2Analysis of Data
  • 4.3Comparison with Literature Review
  • 4.4Discussion on Key Findings
  • 4.5Implications for Policy
  • 4.6Recommendations for Action
  • 4.7Areas for Future Research
  • 4.8Conclusion of Research Findings

Chapter FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

  • 5.1Summary of Research
  • 5.2Conclusion
  • 5.3Contribution to Knowledge
  • 5.4Practical Implications
  • 5.5Recommendations for Practice
  • 5.6Reflections on the Research Process
  • 5.7Areas for Further Study
  • 5.8Final Thoughts

Thesis Abstract

Abstract
Oil spillage poses a significant threat to the environment, leading to severe environmental degradation and impacting human rights. This research explores the intersection of oil spillage, environmental degradation, human rights, and environmental law. The study delves into the various ways in which oil spills occur, their detrimental effects on ecosystems, biodiversity, and human health, and the legal frameworks governing the prevention and response to such incidents. The research investigates how oil spillage violates fundamental human rights, including the right to a clean and healthy environment, the right to water, and the right to health. It examines the disproportionate impact of oil spills on marginalized and vulnerable communities, often exacerbating existing social inequalities and injustices. The study highlights the need for effective legal mechanisms to hold accountable those responsible for oil spillage and to ensure that affected individuals and communities receive adequate compensation and redress. Furthermore, the research analyzes the existing environmental laws and international conventions that regulate oil spill prevention, response, and liability. It assesses the strengths and weaknesses of these legal frameworks in addressing the complex challenges posed by oil spillage and environmental degradation. The study also explores the role of corporate accountability, government regulations, and civil society engagement in preventing oil spills and mitigating their consequences. In conclusion, this research underscores the urgent need for a comprehensive and rights-based approach to address the environmental and human rights implications of oil spillage. It calls for enhanced international cooperation, stronger enforcement of existing laws, and the development of new legal mechanisms to prevent future oil spills and protect the rights of affected individuals and communities. By integrating human rights principles into environmental law and policy-making, we can work towards a more sustainable and just future for all, where the rights of both people and the environment are respected and upheld.

Thesis Overview

<p> </p><div><p>Associated Gas Re-injection Act, Cap 26, LFN 1990 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 40, 48, 65, 67</p><p>Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 38, 39, 47, &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;55-60, 62-65, 104</p><p>Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of waste and other matters 1992 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 73, 86</p><p>U.N. Convention on the High Sea, 1958 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 74, 86</p><p>Environmental Impact Assessment Act, 1992 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 40, 43-45,48, 69-72</p><p>European Environmental Agency (EEA), 1994 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 97,98</p><p>Federal Water Pollution Control Act 1972, U.S.A. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 79</p><p>Harmful Waste (Special Criminal Provisions) ActCap 165, LFN, 1990 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 40, 41, 48, 68</p><p>International Convention for the Prevention ofPollution of the Sea by Oil 1954 (as amended in1962 &amp; 1969. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 74, 87</p><p>Kyoto Protocol, 1997 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 89, 93</p><p>Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete theOzone Layer, 1992. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 75, 88</p><p>National Environmental Standards and RegulationsEnforcement Agency (Establishment) Act 2007 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 35, 36, 48, 49, 51,52,65,66,101,103</p><p>National Environment Policy Act (NEPA) 1969 U.S.A. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 80</p><p>Oil in Navigable Water Act Cap 337, LFN 1990 &nbsp; &nbsp; 40, 48, 65, 74</p><p>Human Environmental Conference Stockholm &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 78, 85, 95</p><p>U.K. Environmental Protection Act &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 81, 82</p><p>Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 1985. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 75, 88</p><p><strong>TABLE OF CASES</strong></p><p>Adisa v. Oyinlola (2002) 10 WRN 125 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 38</p><p>Amos v. Shell BP Petroleum Development Co. of Nigeria &amp; Anor. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 50</p><p>Archbishop Olubunmi Okogie and others v. A.G. Lagos State. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 47</p><p>Enahoro and ors. V. Abacha and ors. (1998) 1HRL RA 424 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; 33, 34</p><p>Donoghue v. Stevenson (1932) A.C. 562 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 82</p><p>Francis Coralie v. Union Territory of DelhiAir 1981 SC 846. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 107</p><p>Ransome Kuti and Ors. v. A.G. of the Federationand Ors. (1985) 2 NWLR, 16, 211 at 230 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 32</p><p>Shanti Star Builders v. Nafyan Whimalal Totame&amp; ors. (1990) (1) S.C. 106 Appeal No. 2598 of 1989 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 10</p><p><strong>ABBREVIATIONS</strong></p><p>AC &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Appeal CasesALL ER &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; All England ReportsALL NLR &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; All Nigeria Law ReportsCCHCJ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Cyclostyled copies of High Court JudgmentCLR &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Commonwealth Law ReportsCOX &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Cox’s Equity.Cr APP. R &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Criminal Appeal ReportsEast, P.L.C. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; East Term’s Reports, Privy CouncilECSLR &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; East Central State Law ReportsERNLR &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; East Region of Nigeria ReportsFNR &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Federation of Nigeria ReportsFSC &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Federal Supreme CourtK.B. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; King’s BenchL.L.R. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Lagos Law ReportsL.R.N. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Law Reports of NigeriaLR; PC &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Law Reports, Privy Council AppealsMJSC &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Monthly Judgment of the Supreme Court of Nigeria.</p><p>MNLR &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Mid-Western Nigeria Law ReportsNCLR &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Nigeria Constitutional Law ReportsNCR &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Nigeria Criminal ReportsNLR &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Nigeria Law ReportsNMLR &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Nigeria Monthly Law ReportsNWLR &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Nigeria Weekly Law ReportsQ.B. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Queens BenchQBD &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Queens Bench DivisionSC &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Supreme CourtSCNJ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Supreme Court of Nigeria JudgmentsSCNLR &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Supreme Court of Nigeria Law ReportsTLR &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Times Law ReportVICT LR &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Victoria Law ReportsWACA &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; West African Court of AppealWLR &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Weekly Law ReportsWLRN &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Weekly Law Report of NigeriaWN &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Weekly NotesWNLR &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Western Nigerian Law ReportsWRNLR &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Western Region of Nigeria Law Reports</p><p></p></div><h3></h3><br> <br><p></p>
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