Quality characteristics of underground water resources in nkanu east and nkanu west local government areas of enugu state, nigeria

• Title Page ————————————————————————- i Approval Page ——————————————————————- ii Certification ———————————————————————- iii Dedication ———————————————————————— iv Acknowledgement ————————————————————– v Abstract ————————————————————————— vi Table of Contents ————————————————————- vii List of Tables ——————————————————————– xi List of Figures ——————————————————————- xii

Chapter ONE

INTRODUCTION

• 1.0Introduction—————————————————————— 1
• 1.1Underground water quality ———————————————– 1
• 1.2Background of Study —————————————————— 2
• 1.3Scope of Study————————————————————– 3
• 1.4Objective of Study ——————————————————— 4

Chapter TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• 2.0Literature Review———————————————————– 5
• 2.1Water ————————————————————————- 5 2.
• 1.1Properties of water ——————————————————- 5 2.
• 1.2Uses of Water ———————————————————— 6
• 2.2Types of water resources————————————————– 7 2.
• 2.1Underground water —————————————————— 7 2.
• 2.2Surface water ————————————————————- 8 2.
• 2.3Water in the atmosphere ———————————————— 12 viii
• 2.3Pollution ——————————————————————— 12 2.
• 3.1Water pollution ———————————————————– 13 2.3.
• 1.1Organic pollutants —————————————————– 13 2.3.
• 1.2Inorganic pollutants ————————————————— 15 2.3.
• 1.3Sediments pollutants ————————————————- 16 2.3.
• 1.4Radioactive materials ———————————————— 16 2.3.
• 1.5Thermal pollutants —————————————————- 17 2.
• 3.2Underground water pollution/pollutant —————————– 17 2.3.
• 2.1Point-source pollution ———————————————— 19 2.3.
• 2.2Non-point source pollution —————————————— 19 2.3.
• 2.3Chemical pollution —————————————————- 21 2.3.
• 2.4Biological pollution ————————————————— 22 2.3.
• 2.5Physical/Natural pollution ——————————————- 24
• 2.4Water Analysis ————————————————————- 25 2.
• 4.1Physical examination —————————————————- 25 2.4.
• 1.1Temperature ———————————————————— 25 2.4.
• 1.2Turbidity —————————————————————- 25 2.4.
• 1.3pH————————————————————————- 27 2.4.
• 1.4Total dissolved solids ———————————————— 27 2.4.
• 1.5Conductivity ———————————————————— 28 2.4.
• 1.6Colour——————————————————————– 28 2.
• 4.2Chemical examination ————————————————– 28 2.4.
• 2.1Hardness —————————————————————- 28 2.4.
• 2.2Alkalinity—————————————————————- 30 2.4.
• 2.3Calcium—————————————————————— 30 2.4.
• 2.4Magnesium————————————————————– 31 2.4.
• 2.5Chloride —————————————————————– 31 2.4.
• 2.6Nitrate——————————————————————– 31 ix 2.4.
• 2.7Phosphate ————————————————————— 32 2.4.
• 2.8Potassium ————————————————————— 32 2.4.
• 2.9Sulphate —————————————————————– 33 2.4.
• 2.10Sodium—————————————————————– 33 2.4.
• 2.11Cadmium ————————————————————– 34 2.4.
• 2.12Chromium ————————————————————- 35 2.4.
• 2.13Copper—————————————————————— 36 2.4.
• 2.14Iron———————————————————————- 37 2.4.
• 2.15Lead——————————————————————— 38 2.4.
• 2.16Nickel —————————————————————— 38 2.4.
• 2.17Zinc ——————————————————————— 39 2.
• 4.3Microbiological examination —————————————– ` 39

Chapter THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• 3.0Materials and Methods —————————————————- 41
• 3.1Sample collection———————————————————– 41
• 3.2Method of analysis ——————————————————– 43 3.
• 2.1Turbidity —————————————————————— 43 3.
• 2.2Temperature ————————————————————– 43 3.
• 2.3Colour ———————————————————————- 43 3.
• 2.4Total dissolved solid —————————————————- 43 3.
• 2.5pH ————————————————————————— 44 3.
• 2.6Conductivity ————————————————————– 44 3.
• 2.7Total alkalinity ———————————————————– 44 3.
• 2.8Total hardness ———————————————————— 45 3.
• 2.9Calcium——————————————————————– 46 3.
• 2.10Magnesium ————————————————————– 47 3.
• 2.11Chloride —————————————————————— 47 x 3.
• 2.12Nitrate ——————————————————————– 48 3.
• 2.13Sulphate —————————————————————— 49 3.
• 2.14Phosphate —————————————————————- 49 3.
• 2.15Sodium ——————————————————————- 50 3.
• 2.16Potassium —————————————————————- 50 3.
• 2.17Heavy metals determination —————————————– 51 3.
• 2.18Bacteriological examination—————————————— 52

Chapter FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

• 4.0Results and Discussions————————————————— 53
• 4.1Turbidity ——————————————————————— 55
• 4.2Colour ———————————————————————— 55
• 4.3Conductivity—————————————————————– 57
• 4.4Total dissolved solid ——————————————————- 57
• 4.5pH —————————————————————————– 58
• 4.6Total hardness, calcium hardness and magnesium hardness ——- 59
• 4.7Total alkalinity————————————————————– 61
• 4.8Nitrate ———————————————————————— 62
• 4.9Phosphate ——————————————————————– 62
• 4.10Sulphate——————————————————————— 63
• 4.11Chloride——————————————————————— 63
• 4.12Sodium and potassium————————————————— 64
• 4.13Heavy metals ————————————————————– 67
• 4.14Total coliform ————————————————————- 69 Conclusion and Recommendation ——————————————- 69 References ———————————————————————– 71 xi