THE INFLUENCE OF PROCESSING METHODS ON THE PROTEIN AND CYANIDE CONTENT OF AFRICAN YAM BEAN (Sphenostylis Stenocarpa) ABSTRACT
Table Of Contents
- Cover page
Title page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Organization of the work
Table of Contents
Chapter ONE
INTRODUCTION
Chapter TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.0 Literature Review
- 2.1 Legumes
- 2.2 Nutritive Value Of Legumes
- 2.3 African Yam Bean
- 2.4 Utilization Of African Yam Bean
2.
- 5.0 Limitations In The Utilization Of African Yam Bean
2.
- 5.1 Unacceptable Flavour
2.
- 5.2 Hard – To – Cook Phenomenon
2.
- 5.3 The Presence Of Anti – Nutritional Factors
2.
- 4.1 Pre – Conditioning Treatment Used In African Yam Bean Processing
2.
- 7.0 Functionality of Legume Protein/Flour
2.
- 7.1 Nitrogen Solubility
2.
- 7.2 Water And Oil Absorption
2.
- 7.3 Emulsion Capacity
2.
- 7.4 Foam Capacity
2.
- 7.5 Gelation
Chapter THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 3.0 Materials And Source
- 3.1 Sample Preparation
- 3.2 Flow Charts For The Production Of The Different flour samples
3.
- 2.1 Flow Chart For The Production Of Sample A (Raw Sample)
3.
- 2.2 Flow Chart For The Production Of Samples B
3.
- 2.3 Flow Chart For The Production Of Samples C
3.
- 2.4 Flow Chart For The Production Of Toasted Sample (D Sample)
3.
- 3.0 Determination Of Functional Properties Of African Yambean Flour
3.
- 3.1 Water Absorption Capacity
3.
- 3.2 Oil Absorption Capacity
3.
- 4.0 Chemical Composition Of African Yam Bean
3.
- 4.1 Determination Of Moisture Content
3.
- 4.2 Determination Of Ash Content
3.
- 4.3 Determination Of Crude Protein Content
- 3.5 Determination Of Glycosidic Cyanide
- 3.6 Determination Of Bulk Density
Chapter FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
- Results / Discussion
Chapter FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Conclusion and recommendation
References
Thesis Abstract
Raw African Yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) was subjected to various processing methods Viz steeping in water for 6 hr and then boiling for 10, 20, 30, minutes respectively (samples B); steeping in water for 12 hours and then boiling for 10, 20, 30, minutes respectively (sample C) and finally sample A was raw yam bean which served as control. The entire sample was dry – milled into fine flours. The glycosidic cyanide, crude protein, ash, moisture, some functional properties and bulk density of the flours were analyzed from the results, protein and cyanide content of sample A (raw sample) are 25.20% and 72.23ml. results showed that the toasting, process gave the highest protein (24.12) with no trace of cyanide and it negatively affected the protein content of the samples reducing it from 25.20 to 17.57, 17.51(%) respectively. 12 hours soaking and few minutes boiling process negatively affected the protein content of the samples reducing it from 25.20% to 13.12, 12.78, 12.09 (%) respectively but have the strongest impact in covering the cyanide level from 72.23ml to zero respectively. Moisture content ranges from 400% - 14%, Ash ranges from 2.50% to 5.00%, water absorption ranges from 105g/ml to 290g/ml, oil absorption ranges form 0.98 – 1.95g/m. The bulk density showed 0.74g/ml – 0.88g/ml.
Thesis Overview
INTRODUCTION
African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) belongs to the genera papilliona sec which is in the class known as Leguminousae
(Okigbo, 1973). It is one of the neglected indigenous grain legumes in
Nigeria. It is produced mostly in the eastern part of the country where
it is consumed in different forms such as snacks, delicacy, man meal
etc. It can be used for the fortification of other foods (Eke, 1997)
In Nigeria, it has as many names as there
are communities cultivating it. Some of the names are Okpdudu, Azam,
Uzuaku, Ijiriji, Azara, Ahaja, Nzamiri, Odudu, Girigiri (Hausa), sese
(Yoruba) and Nsana (Ibibio) (Ogbo, 2002).
The high protein content of African yam
bean makes it an important source of protein in the diets of population
groups of many tropical countries (Kon, 1979, Ekpen young and Borchers,
1980). In addition, the high protein bean flour fractions could be
substituted for wheat flour to produce acceptable qualities of cookies
breads and leavened doughs (Uebersax and Zabik, 1986; Nzereogu, 1993).
It may also be consumed as porridge after
cooking. The mature dry seeds can be used to prepare “moi - moi†and
“akara†(Ezueh, 1973; Akoma, 1996). The African yam bean apart from
being rich in protein also contains carbohydrate, fat and minerals (NAS,
1979).
A major constraint in the utilization of
African yam bean is the different dehulling method. Traditionally, the
dehulling method involves manual removal of the hulls from the
individual soaked seeds. This method is quite laborous (labour
intensive), time – consuming and does not favour effective utilization
of the bean. It is widely believed that under cooked African yam bean
seeds cause diarrhoea and over cooked seeds cause constipation (Asusu
and Undie, 1986).
Previous works showed that steeping will
among other things improve the dehulling characteristic of the African
yam bean while maintaining the nutritional quality viz: invitro protein
digestibility and also improving the functional properties when
processed into flour (Abbey and Berezi, 1988). It is evident that better
processing methods will not only enhance the acceptability and
utilization of this legume but will also improve the nutritional status
of the consuming populace (Uebersax et al, 1989).
The overall objective of this study is to
investigate the various processing methods and their effects on the
protein and cyanide content of African yam bean in conclusion, before
the commencement of any research or project, there is meant to be
aim/aims of such research.
As such, the aims of this study include:-
1. To determine the hydrogen cyanide content of the flour.
2. To analyse for the crude protein content of the flour.
3. To determine some of the functional properties of the flour.
4. Determination of the chemical composition of the flour.
5. To determine the bulk density of the flour.