Phytochemical analysis on moringa oleifera and azadirachta indica leaves

• Title page———————————————————————————i Certification—————————————————————————–ii Dedication——————————————————————————iii Acknowledgement——————————————————————–iv Abstract———————————————————————————-vi Table of content———————————————————————-vii List of figure—————————————————————————-xii List of table—————————————————————————-xiv

Chapter ONE

INTRODUCTION

• 1.1Background of study————————————————————-1
• 1.2Phytochemical———————————————————————3 1.
• 2.1Activity of phytochemical—————————————————-4
• 1.3Statement of problem———————————————————–5
• 1.4Aims and Objectives of study————————————————–6
• 1.5Significant of study—————————————————————6 8
• 1.6Scope of study———————————————————————6

Chapter TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• 2.0Literature review——————————————————————7
• 2.1Botany of Moringa oleifera —————————————————-7 2.
• 1.1Classification———————————————————————7 2.
• 1.2Origin and Habitat————————————————————–8 2.
• 1.3Description———————————————————————–9 2.
• 1.4Ecology and cultivation——————————————————-9 2.
• 1.5Traditional uses—————————————————————11 2.
• 1.6Common name—————————————————————-12 2.
• 1.7Pharmacological activity of Moringa oleifera ————————-13
• 2.2Botany of Azadrichta indica ————————————————–18 2.
• 2.1Classification——————————————————————-18 2.
• 2.2Origin and habitat————————————————————19 2.
• 2.3Description———————————————————————19 2.
• 2.4Ecology and cultivation——————————————————21 9 2.
• 2.5Traditional uses—————————————————————22 2.
• 2.6Common name—————————————————————-22 2.
• 2.7Pharmacological activity of Azadrichta indica ————————-22
• 2.3Phytochemical——————————————————————-26 2.
• 3.1Types of phytochemicals—————————————————-27 2.3.
• 1.1Tannin————————————————————————-28 2.3.
• 1.2Phenol————————————————————————-29 2.3.
• 1.3Saponin———————————————————————–30 2.3.
• 1.4Steroids———————————————————————–31 2.3.
• 1.5Flavonoids——————————————————————-33 2.3.
• 1.6Alkaloids———————————————————————-35 2.3.
• 1.7Glycosides——————————————————————–36

Chapter THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• 3.0Materials and Methods——————————————————–37
• 3.1Collection and preparation of material————————————37
• 3.2Equipment / apparatus——————————————————–37 10
• 3.3Reagents————————————————————————–38
• 3.4Methods—————————————————————————39 3.
• 4.1Qualitative Analysis———————————————————-39 3.
• 4.2Preparation of Wagner’s reagent—————————————–40 3.
• 4.3Preparation of Mayer’s reagent——————————————-40 3.
• 4.4Test for Alkaloid—————————————————————40 3.
• 4.5Test for Saponin—————————————————————41 3.
• 4.6Test for Flavonoid————————————————————-42 3.
• 4.7Test for Steroid—————————————————————-42 3.
• 4.8Test for Tannin—————————————————————-42 3.
• 4.9Test for Glycoside————————————————————-43
• 3.5Quantitative Analysis———————————————————–43 3.
• 5.1Flavonoid determination—————————————————-43 3.
• 5.2Alkaloid determination——————————————————44 3.
• 5.3Tannin determination——————————————————-44 3.
• 5.4Saponin determination——————————————————45 11 3.
• 5.5Glycoside determination—————————————————-45 3.
• 5.6Phenol determination——————————————————-46

Chapter FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

• 4.0Results and Discussion———————————————————47
• 4.1Qualitative Analysis result—————————————————-47
• 4.2Quantitative Analysis result————————————————–49
• 4.3Discussion of result————————————————————-50

Chapter FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• 5.1Conclusions———————————————————————–52
• 5.2Recommendations————————————————————–52 REFERENCE——————————————————————53 – 54 APPENDIX——————————————————55 – 58 12 LIST OF FIGURES Fig1Moringa oleifera leave———————————————————-7 Fig2Azadrichta indica leave——————————————————–18 Fig3 Conical flask ——————————————————————-59 Fig4 Water bath ———————————————————————59 Fig5 Electric thermal incubator ————————————————–60 Fig6 Test tube ————————————————————————60 Fig7 Electric stove ——————————————————————-61 Fig8 Separation process setup —————————————————61 Fig9 Separation funnel ————————————————————-62 Fig10 Thermostatic drying oven ————————————————-62 Fig11Beaker—————————————————————————63 Fig12 Measuring cylinder ———————————————————63 Fig13 Whatman filter paper ——————————————————64 Fig14 Constant temperature magnetic stirrer ——————————-64 13 Fig15 UV machine ——————————————————————-65 Fig16 Electronic weighing balance ———————————————-65 Fig17 phenol standard Graph—————————————————–66 14 LIST OF TABLE Table 4.1a Qualitative Analysis Result of Moringa oleifera—————-47 Table 4.1b Qualitative Analysis Result of Azadrichta indica—————48 Table
• 4.2Quantitative Analysis Result of Moringa oleifera and Azadirachta indica