STUDIES ON THE IMPACT RESISTANCE OF CASHEW NUTSHELL POWDER AND CALCIUM CARBONATE FILLED POLYPROPYLENE

• TITLE PAGE ABSTRACT

Chapter ONE

INTRODUCTION

• 1.1Background of the Study
• 1.2Research problem
• 1.3Aim and objectives
• 1.4Justification
• 1.5Scope of the studyCHAPTER TWO
• 2.0LITERATURE REVIEW
• 2.1Background of Literature
• 2.2Components of Composite Material 2.
• 2.1Matrix 2.2.1.1Polypropylene 2.
• 2.2Polymerization 2.
• 2.3Properties 2.
• 2.4Applications
• 2.3Reinforcements functions on polymer composite 2.
• 3.1Classification and types of fillers 2.
• 3.2Types of fillers 2.
• 3.3Physical properties, uses and health effects 2.
• 3.4Environmental impact 2.
• 3.5Classification of CaCO3 2.
• 3.6Uses of CaCO3 as filler 2.
• 3.7Cashew tree 2.
• 3.8Distribution 2.
• 3.9Constituents cashew 2.
• 3.10Polymers and polymer composites 2.
• 3.11Polymer composites modification 2.
• 3.12Types and components of polymer composites 2.
• 3.13Parameters affecting properties of composites 2.
• 3.14Applications, trends, and challenges of fillers 2.
• 3.15Compounding and mixing processes 2.
• 4.1Plasticizers 2.
• 4.2Stabilizers 2.
• 4.3Colourants 2.
• 4.4Flame retardants
• 2.5Thermoplastics processing techniques 2.
• 5.1Extrusion 2.
• 5.2Types of extrusion 2.
• 5.3Moulding 2.
• 5.4Compression moulding 2.
• 5.5Injection moulding 2.
• 5.6Blow moulding 2.
• 5.7Reaction-injection moulding (RIM) 2.
• 5.8Rotational moulding 2.
• 5.9Calendaring 2.
• 6.1Mechanical properties of plastics 2.
• 6.2Hardness 2.
• 6.3Abrasion resistance 2.
• 6.4Compression set and flex fatigue resistance 2.
• 6.5Flex fatigue resistance 2.
• 6.6Tensile strength, elongation at break and modulus 2.
• 6.7Resilience
• 2.7Morphological Characterisation of Composites 2.
• 7.1Spectroscopic tests 2.
• 7.2Microscopic techniques 2.
• 7.3Thermodynamic methods 2.
• 7.4X-ray diffraction (XRD) 2.
• 7.5Basics of crystallography 2.
• 7.6Production of X-rays 2.
• 7.7Bragg’s law and diffraction 2.
• 7.8Applications of XRD 2.
• 7.9Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 2.
• 7.10Thermoforming/solid phase forming
• 2.8Physical Method of Characterising CompositesCHAPTER THREE
• 3.0MATERIALS AND METHODS
• 3.1Materials
• 3.2Apparatus Used
• 3.3Equipment Used and their Sources
• 3.4Preparation of Sample 3.
• 4.1Filler Preparation 3.
• 4.2Mixing of the Compound
• 3.5Determination of Mechanical Properties of the Prepared Polypropylene Composites 3.
• 5.1Determination of Tensile strength 3.
• 5.2Determination of Hardness of the prepared composites 3.
• 5.5Determination of Impact Strength of the prepared samples 3.
• 5.6Determination of microstructure of the prepared composites byScanning Electron Microscopy 3.
• 5.7Determination of the crystallinity of the prepared composites by X-ray Diffraction 3.
• 5.8Determination of water absorption behaviour of compositesCHAPTER FOUR
• 4.0RESULTS
• 4.1Result of Tensile Strength
• 4.2Effect of Filler Loading on the Stress of the Composites Prepared
• 4.2Result of Elongation at break
• 4.4Result of Young’s Modulus
• 4.5Impact strength results
• 4.6Hardness Results
• 4.7Sorption Result
• 4.7Morphology ResultsCHAPTER FIVE
• 5.0DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
• 5.1Structural Characterisation of Cashew Nutshell Powder
• 5.2Tensile Strength
• 5.3The impact strength
• 5.4Hardness
• 5.5Statistical Analysis of Impact Strength
• 5.6Effects of modification of unfilled and filled PP, PP/CaCO3 and PP/CNSP Composites on equilibrium sorption 5.
• 6.4Morphological studies on the PP, PP/CaCO3 and PP/CNSP composites 5.
• 6.5Structural Characterisation of the Polypropylene Composites preparedCHAPTER SIX SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
• 6.1Summary of Results
• 6.3Conclusion
• 6.3Recommendations REFERENCES: APPENDIXLIST OF ABBREVIATIONSABS Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styreneAFM Atomic Force MicroscopeASTM American Society for Testing MaterialsCaCO3 Calcium CarbonateCNSP Cashew Nutshell PowderCRH Chopped Rice HuskEVA Ethylene vinyl acetateHDT Heat Distortion TemperatureHPP homogeneous polypropyleneIM Initial modulusLDPE Low density polyethyleneLLDPE Linear low density polyethyleneLOE Linseed Oil EpoxideNR Natural RubberOM Optical MicroscopePE PolyethylenePEMA Poly (ethyl methacrylate)PET PolyethylenterephthalatPIB PolyisobutylenePMMA PolymethylmethacrylatePP PolypropylenePPC Polypropylene copolymerPRPCs Particle reinforced plastics compositesPS PolystyrenePVAc Polyvinyl acetatePVC PolyvinylchlorideSALS Small angle light scatteringSAXD Small-Angle X-ray diffractionSAXS Small-Angle X-ray ScatteringSD Spinodal decompositionSEM Scanning Electron MicroscopyTS Tensile strengthUTM Universal Testing MachineWAXD Wide Angle X-ray Diffraction