Glycerine recovery from spent soap lye 2 chemical | Blazingprojects Postgraduate Thesis
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Glycerine recovery from spent soap lye 2 chemical

 

Table Of Contents


  • Title page                                                                       iLetter of Transmittal                                                     iiApproval page/certification                                           iiiApproval page                                                                 ivDedication                                                                       vAcknowledgement                                                           viAbstract                                                                         viiTable of Contents                                                           viiiList of Figures/Tables                                                   xiiDefinition of Terms/Nomenclature                                       xiiiCHAPTER ONE    
  • 1.0     Introduction                                                         
  • 11.1Background of the study                                        
  • 11.2Statement of the problem                                        
  • 41.3Scope and limitation of the study                          
  • 61.4Purpose/aim/objectives of the study                      
  • 61.5Method of Research                                                
  • 71.6Significance of the study                                         8CHAPTER TWO2.0             Literature Review                                          
  • 102.01        History of glycerine                                        
  • 132.02        Lye clarification                                            
  • 162.03        Recovery of glycerine from spent lye            
  • 252.04        Twitchel process                                            
  • 382.05        Autoclave saponification                              
  • 482.06        Lime saponification                                        
  • 492.07        Acid saponification                                
  • 522.08        Aqueous saponifictaion                                
  • 542.09        Splitting fats with ferments                          
  • 552.10        Krebitz porcess                                              
  • 592.11        Distillation of fatty acids                              
  • 622.12        Glycerol detection and estimation                
  • 662.13        Glycerine as a by-product of soapmanufacture                                                    
  • 752.14        Process description of soap production
  • 782.15        Process summary                                          
  • 792.16        Step 1:     oil preparation                              
  • 792.17        Ion exchange                                                
  • 812.18        Soap removal                                                
  • 822.19        Composition of glycerine production            
  • 832.20        Physical properties of glycerine                    
  • 872.21        Chemical properties of glycerine                  
  • 882.22        Sources and types of lipids                            
  • 902.23        Distinction between fats and oils                  
  • 912.24        Uses of glycerine                                            
  • 932.25        Major types of saponification                        
  • 952.26        Separation of glycerine and free fatty acid  
  • 992.27        Quantifying the phosphoric acid to be used
  • 1002.28        Metabolism                                                    
  • 1022.29        Application of glycerine in food                    
  • 1032.30        Application of glycerine in urethane polymers
  • 1042.31          Application of glycerine in drugs and cosmetics
  • 1042.32        Application of glycerine as a lubricant.        
  • 1062.33        Application of glycerine in snuffs                  
  • 1062.34        Other uses of glycerine                                  
  • 1072.35        Hyper osmotic effects                                    
  • 1082.36        Basic raw material for flycerine production. 108CHAPTER THREE3.0     Experimental Procedure                                        
  • 1113.01The Saponification Process                                    
  • 1123.02Splitting Method                                                    
  • 1153.03Determination of the viscosity of Glycerine          
  • 1163.04Titration                                                                
  • 1173.05Percentage Free Alkaline (FCA)                            
  • 1183.06Bleaching of Crude Glycerine                               119CHAPTER FOUR4.0     Experimental Result and Analysis                         121CHAPTER FIVE5.0     Discussion                                                            
  • 1285.1Conclusion                                                              
  • 1285.2Recommendation                                                     129References                                                             131Appendices                                                             132LIST OF FIGURES/TABLETable 2.0:       Properties of glycerine                           87Table 2.1:       Physical properties of glycerine             86Table 4A:         Glycerine producer association standard for Glycerine recovery                                 121Table 4B:         Estimation consumption of glycerol in various industries                                   122Table 4C:         Order of increment of the amount of % glycerine in all the samples.                 124Table 4D:         Standard deviation table for percentage (%) salt and percentage glycerine             127DEFINITION OF TERM/NOMENCLATURE%     =     PercentageN/4 =     Quarter normalLbs =     PoundsC.C =     Cubic centimeterPZ   =     Paterson ZochonisIEA =     International Equitable AssociationKSI =

Thesis Abstract

The recovery of glycerine from spent soap lye has been done using soap lye samples obtained from the hot process of soap production using palm kernel oil (P.K.O). The main advantage of hot process is that exact concentration of the lye solution is not known, but to perform this with adequate success, the lye and fat are boiled together at 80 – 1000C at times above 1000C until saponification occurs. The overall weight of glycerine recovered per 100g of oil used was 9.0g. The quantity of spent soap lye obtained was 250ml, Acid value was 555.39, percentage free acid value was 5.6%, total fatty acid = 7.131, percentage free caustic acid = 0.14%, percentage free fatty acid obtained was 0.07131%, the specific gravity was 1.059, purity of glycerine was 92%. These parameters obtained were measured relatively to international standards with negligible error due to the type of equipment used. From the result, it is evident that the amount of glycerine recovered depends largely on the quantity of spent soap lye. Other processes the spend soap lye and the glycerine undergo as may be seen in other chapters includes, salting out, filtration, splitting and others.

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