INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY IN NIGERIA: AWARENESS AMONG RADIOGRAPHY STUDENTS IN UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR

• TITLE PAGE-     –     –     –     –     –     –     –     –     –i CERTIFICATION- –     –     –     –     –     –     –     –     –ii DEDICATION-   –     –     –     –     –     –     –     –     –iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT- –     –     –     –     –     –     –     –iv TABLE OF CONTENT- –     –     –     –     –     –     –     –v ABSTRACT-       –     –     –     –     –     –     –     –     –     –vi

Chapter ONE

INTRODUCTION

• 1.0                INTRODUCTION- –     –     –     –     –     –     -1
• 1.1                BACKGROUND OF STUDY-   –     –     –     –     -1
• 1.2                STATEMENT OF PROBLEM-   –     –     –     –     -4
• 1.3                OBJECTIVE OF STUDY- –     –     –     –     –     -5
• 1.4                SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY-   –     –     –     –     -6
• 1.5                SCOPE OF STUDY-       –     –     –     –     –     –     -6

Chapter TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• 2.0                      LITERATURE REVIEW- –     –     –     –     –     –7
• 2.1                      HISTORY OF RADIOGRAPHY-     –     –     –     –7
• 2.2                      NATURE OF PENETRATING RADIATION-     –     –     –12 2.
• 2.1                X-RADIATION-   –     –     –     –     –     –     –13 2.
• 2.2                BREMSSTRAHLUNG RADIATION- –     –     –     –14 2.
• 2.3                K-SHELL EMISSION- –     –     –     –     –     –15
• 2.3                      X-RAY GENERATORS- –     –     –     –     –     –17
• 2.4                      X-RAY MACHINE FOR INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY-       –18
• 2.5                      RADIO – ISOTOPES (GAMMA SOURCES)-     –     –21
• 2.6                      X-RAY GENERATOR OPTIONS –   –     –     –     –25 2.
• 6.1                FLASH X-RAY GENERATOR – –     –     –     –     –26
• 2.7                      GAMMA SOURCES-     –     –     –     –     –     –27 2.
• 7.1                LINAC (LINEAR ACCELERATION)- –     –     –     –28 2.
• 7.2                COMPONENT OF LINAC-     –     –     –     –     –29 2.
• 7.3                PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION- –     –     –     –     –30 2.
• 7.4                ACCELERATING WAVEGUIDE-     –     –     –     –31 2.
• 7.5                ELECTRON BEAM TRANSPORT – –     –     –     –33
• 2.8          IMAGE ACQUISITION- –     –     –     –     –     –33 2.
• 8.1      FILM MATERIAL- –     –     –     –     –     –     –33 2.
• 8.2      BASIC FILM TYPES-   –     –     –     –     –     –34 2.
• 8.3      DUPLITIZED FILM-     –     –     –     –     –     –35 2.
• 8.4      SINGLE COATED –     –     –     –     –     –     –36 2.
• 8.5      ANTI HALATION-       –     –     –     –     –     –     –36 2.
• 8.6      FILM PROCESSING-   –     –     –     –     –     –37 2.
• 8.7      IMAGE ENHANCEMENT AND ANALYSIS-       –     –     –38
• 2.9          DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY IN INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY OF PIPE LINE-   –       –     –     –     –     –     –41
• 2.10        RADIOTION MONCTORY DEVICES-     –     –     –44 2.
• 10.1    AREA SURVEY METERS-     –     –     –     –     – 44 2.
• 10.2    IONIZATION CHAMBERS-   –     –     –     –     –45 2.
• 10.3    PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS-       –     –     –     –     –46 2.
• 10.4    NEUTRON AREA SURVEY METERS-     –     –     –     –46 2.
• 10.5    INDIVIDUAL MONITORING- –     –     –     –     –47 2.
• 10.6    FILM BADGE-   –     –     –     –     –     –     –48 2.
• 10.7    THERMO LUMINESCENCE DOSIMETRY BADGE-     –48 2.
• 10.8    RADIATION CONTROL AND PRECAUTION-   –     –49

Chapter THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• 3.0  METHODOLOGY- –     –     –     –     –     –     –     –52
• 3.1  RESEARCH DESIGN- –     –     –     –     –     –     –52
• 3.2  POPULATION OF STUDY –   –     –     –     –     –     –52
• 3.3  SAMPLE SIZE AND DATA COLLECTION –       –     –     –     –52
• 3.4  LIMITATION AND SOURCES OF ERROR-       –     –     –     –53

Chapter FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

• 4.0  RESULTS- –     –     –     –     –     –     –     –     -54
• 4.1      SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC DATA-             –     –     –     –54
• 4.2      LOW EXPERIENCE OF INDUTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY- –     –57
• 4.3      AWARENESS LEVEL OF INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY-     –61

Chapter FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• 5.1DISCUSSION- –     –     –     –     –     –     –     –62
• 5.2SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC DATA- –     –     –     –     –62
• 5.3LOW EXPERIENCE OF INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY.-     -64
• 5.4AWARENESS LEVEL OF INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY-     -65
• 5.5CONCLUSION- –     –     –     –     –     –     –     –66
• 5.6RECOMMENDATION- –     –     –     –     –     –     –67 REFRENCE