Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Local and Exotic Breeds of Chickens in Pankrono

Thesis Overview

<p> </p><h4>1. Introduction</h4><p>The total population of poultry in the world has been estimated by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the UN [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">1</a>] to be 14.718 million with 1.125M distributed throughout Africa, 1.520M in South America, 6.752M in Asia, 9 M in Oceania, 3.384M in North America, and 1.844M in Europe [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">2</a>]. The most commonly kept poultry are the domestic chicken (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>) [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">3</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">4</a>]. Based on the number of animals, poultry represent the largest domestic animal stock in the world [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">5</a>]. This has been demonstrated by the number and fact that during the last three decades, egg production has doubled and poultry meat production has tripled whereas there is no much increment in livestock production due to higher demand for poultry products [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">6</a>]. In Africa, poultry meat is estimated to represent almost 25% of all meat, whereas in some areas it covers 100% of the animal protein available [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">7</a>].</p><p>Ghana’s overall livestock production has been on the rise since 2000 largely as a result of the exponential growth of the poultry sector in the Southern region [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">1</a>]. While the total cattle production increased by 8 percent between 2000 and 2007, poultry production increased by more than 80 percent for the same period [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">7</a>], resulting from the establishment of the integrated poultry project in Accra by the Government of Ghana in the 1960s and the high demand of poultry meat by the Ghanaian populace [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">8</a>].</p><p>In Ghana, the village or backyard poultry production system is the most prevalent one, complemented by the commercial production system. The country’s village poultry population was estimated at 12 million [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">9</a>] and in 2005 at over 20 million (FAOSTAT), accounting for 60 – 80% of the national poultry population being kept all over the country in the rural and periurban areas [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">10</a>], with the Upper East, Upper West, and the Northern regions being the concentrated regions compared to exotic breeds.</p><p>Research work by [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">11</a>] avers that commercial poultry production has made substantial progress during the last sixty years in both Western and Central Africa. However, the development of vibrant poultry sectors in these countries is dependent on costly imported day-old chicks from high-performance hybrid stocks, balanced feeds, drugs, and vaccines. For example, the 11 hatcheries in Ghana are operating at only 38% of their total production capacity [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">12</a>]. The commercial production system mostly consists of the exotic breeds which are kept for commercial purposes and are more abundant in the urban areas of the Greater Accra, Brong-Ahafo, and Ashanti regions where the market for their product exists and the climatic conditions are favorable [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">13</a>]</p><p>These birds provide man with high nutritional values through the consumption of their meat and/or eggs and other socioeconomic benefits which cannot be overemphasized [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">13</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">14</a>]. However, the supply of poultry products lags behind demand. With a projected national poultry population of 33,525,369 according to [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">15</a>], it is estimated that a total of 36, 184 mt of poultry meat was produced in 2005. According to [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">16</a>], these data represented between 18% and 24% only of the total meat demand of Ghanaians. This led to Ghana’s national per capita animal protein consumption being one of the lowest in Sub-Saharan Africa, estimated at some 53 g per day [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">17</a>] which is lower than the recommended 65 g. Poultry meat and eggs together account for only 0.60 percent of the daily calories consumed [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">18</a>]. It has been estimated that, consumption of poultry products in Ghana consist of 1.2kg of meat and 12 eggs per person in a year as compared to the world’s average of 9.7kg of meat and 154 eggs per person per year [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">19</a>]. This is partly attributed to the losses encountered in the poultry industry which have been linked to outbreak of disease causing agents such as viruses, bacteria [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">20</a>], and mostly parasites [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">21</a>] as it has been estimated that more than 750 million chickens, guinea fowls, and ducklings in Africa die each year as a result of various infections [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">22</a>].</p><p>Poultry production in the Ashanti region accounted for 28.07 percent of the total poultry production in Ghana in 2009 which was second to the Brong-Ahafo region 29.62 percent [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">23</a>]. This indicates the rise in the consumption of poultry product in the region especially the capital city where most farmers bring their product for market. The region has however recorded a decline in production due to infections of birds by disease causing agents with parasites being the most prominent ones [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">24</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">25</a>]. Although some reduction in bird’s parasitic infection has been achieved in commercial production system due to improved housing and hygienic and management practices, the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites is still very rampant [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">26</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">27</a>].</p><p>The range of feeds fed on by the domestic chicken in the traditional production system, from grains, fruits, to insects may harbor infective stage of parasites thereby predisposing them to parasitic infections, particularly gastrointestinal parasites [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">28</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">29</a>]. The famer is equally at risk of cross-infection as he carries out his managerial practices on the farm [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">30</a>].</p><p>Good knowledge of the parasites of domestic chickens, species composition, and predilection site is essential for prompt disease diagnosis and treatment [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">31</a>]. This study, therefore, explored the gastrointestinal parasites of the domestic chicken (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>), both local and exotic in Kumasi-Pankrono in the Ashanti Region which to the best of our knowledge is being conducted in the area for the first time. The study seeks to specifically find out (1) the prevalence and types of parasites in the gastrointestinal tract of chickens, (2) the breed that is more prevalent to gastrointestinal parasites, (3) the sex of chickens that is more prevalent to gastrointestinal parasites.</p><p>The outcome of the study will serve as a complement to the already existing studies on the subject matter and other related fields. Poultry farmers will be enlightened on the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites that both local and exotic birds are susceptible to so that measures can be implemented to improve commercial and free-range production systems of poultry. Finally the public will also be informed on the susceptibility of chickens to parasite infections and the risk involved in consuming undercooked meat from poultry.</p> <h4>2. Materials and Methods</h4><p>The study was conducted in Pankrono, a suburb of Kumasi in the Ashanti Region. It has geographical coordinates of 60 45′ 0” North and 10 36′ 0” West. It has a population of 60,917 and is approximately 9.8km away from the Kumasi Central Business District. Most of its inhabitants are civil servants, whiles some are petty traders and a few are being farmers.</p><p>The study was conducted between January and March 2017. For the purposes of the study, feacal remains in the lower ends of the large intestine of slaughtered chickens were considered.</p><p>Two hundred (200) cloacae of slaughtered chickens comprising of 100 locals (50 males and 50 females) and 100 exotic (50 males and 50 females) breeds were collected at random in labelled sample containers and transported to the University of Education, Mampong Campus for laboratory examination.</p><p>In the laboratory, the cloacae were cut open and the faecal samples were scrapped into a universal bottle and analyzed for eggs/cyst of intestinal parasites qualitatively using supersaturated saline flotation technique [<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">28</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">32</a>].</p><p>The floatation medium was prepared by dissolving 400 g of NaCl in 1000 ml of warm distilled water. The procedure was conducted by adding 10mls of the floatation medium to the feacal sample in the universal bottle and stirred with a rod. The mixture was then filtered through double layered gauze into a test tube and more media was added until a meniscus was formed. A coverslip was placed gently on the test tube and allowed to stand on a level surface for at least 10 – 20 minutes. The coverslip was carefully removed and placed on a glass slide and examined immediately for parasite eggs under x10 and x 40 objective lens. Identification of the eggs was aided by the addition of Lugol’s Iodine solution to the sample on the glass slide.</p><p>The data obtained from the laboratory examination of the samples were collected using Ms Excel 2015. The Chi-square test (X2) was used for comparison of prevalence and mean intensity among groups for statistical similarities or differences at a significance level of P &lt; 0.05 and 95% confidence interval.</p> <br><p></p>