EFFECTS OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS ON ACHIEVEMENT AND RETENTION OF BIOLOGY CONCEPTS AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN DELTA STATE, NIGERIA

•                TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - i Declaration ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - ii Certification ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -iii Dedication ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - iv Acknowledgements - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - v Table of Content --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------vi Abbreviations - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ix List of Tables - -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------x List of Appendices - ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------xi Abstract ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - xiv 

Chapter ONE

INTRODUCTION

• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 1.1.Introduction - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 1.2.Statement of the Problem - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - 9 
• 1.3Objectives of the Study - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - 10 
• 1.4Research Questions - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - 11 
• 1.5Null Hypotheses --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - 11 
• 1.6Significance of the Study - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - 12 
• 1.7Basic Assumptions - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - 13 
• 1.8Scope and Delimitation of the Study ------------------------------------------------------------------- - - 13 

Chapter TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

•   ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -14LITERATURE REVIEW  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - -
• 142.1Introduction - ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - 14 
• 2.2Teaching Biology at Secondary School ----------------------------------------------------------------------14 
• 2.3Instructional Materials of Biology Teaching -----------------------------------------------------------------15 
• 2.4The Use of Indoor Laboratory in the Teaching of Biology ----------------------------------------------19 
• 2.5Improvisation of Biology Teaching Materials ---------------------------------------------------------------21 
• 2.6Science Teaching Methods - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - 23 
• 2.7Academic Achievement in Biology -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29 
• 2.8Gender and Academic Achievement in Science---------------------------------------------------------31 
• 2.9Retention Abilities in Biology --------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - 33 2.
• 9.1Overview of Related Studies ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - 35 2.
• 9.2Implications of Literature Reviewed for the Present Study ---------------------------------------37 

Chapter THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

•   -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -40METHODOLOGY  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -
• 403.1Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 40 
• 3.2Research Design - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - 40 
• 3.3Population of the Study ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - 41 
• 3.4Sample and Sampling Procedure ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - - 43 3.
• 5.1Instrumentation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - 44 3.
• 5.2Validity of Instrument ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - 44 3.
• 5.3Pilot Test - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - 45 3.
• 5.4Reliability of Instrument - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - 46 3.
• 5.5Administration of Instrument - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - 46 
• 3.6Procedure for Data Analysis ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - 46 

Chapter FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

•   -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -48DATA ANALYSIS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS-----------------------------------------------------------48 
• 4.1Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - 48 
• 4.2Testing Null Hypothesis One --------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - 49 
• 4.3Testing Null Hypothesis Two - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - 50 
• 4.4Testing Null Hypothesis Three ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - 52 
• 4.5Testing Null Hypothesis Four ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - 52 
• 4.6Summary of Findings ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - 54 
• 4.7Discussion of Findings - ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - 54 

Chapter FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

•   -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -57SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS--------------------------------------------------
• 575.1Introduction - -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------57 
• 5.2Summary - ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - 57 
• 5.3Major Findings - ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - 58 
• 5.4Conclusions - - ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - 59 
• 5.5Recommendations - ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - 60 
• 5.6Limitations of the Study - ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - 60 
• 5.7Suggestions for Further Studies- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - 61 REFERENCES --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - 62 APPENDICES ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - 68