EFFECTS OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) ON SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ ECONOMICS PERFORMANCE IN KADUNA STATE

•           TABLE OF CONTENTS Preliminary Pages Declaration -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i Certification ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii Acknowledgements -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - - - iii Abstract ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- v List of Tables - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------x List of Appendices - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------xii List of Abbreviations --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xiii Operational Definition of Terms - - - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------- xiv 

Chapter ONE

INTRODUCTION

• 1.1Background to the Study ---------------------------------- - - - -  1 
• 1.2Statement of the Problem ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 
• 1.3Objectives of the Study - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8 
• 1.4Research Questions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9 
• 1.5Hypotheses ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10 
• 1.6Basic Assumptions -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11 
• 1.7Significance of the Study --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 
• 1.8Scope of the Study - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 

Chapter TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• 2.1Introduction - - - - - - ---------------- 15 
• 2.2Theoretical Framework - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16 2.
• 2.1The Sensory Stimulation Theory --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 2.
• 2.2The TPACK Theory ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17 2.2.
• 2.1The TPACK Theory Diagram-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• 172.3The Concept of ICT ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - 21 
• 2.4ICT in Education -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 2.
• 4.1Integrating ICT into the Education System -------------------------------------------------------------- 25 2.
• 4.2Objectives of ICT in Education -----------------------------------------------------------------------------27 
• 2.5The Approaches of Integrating ICT into Education System----------------------------------------- 28 2.
• 5.1Stages of Teaching and Learning Using ICT Tools-------------------------------------------------30 
• 2.6Classification of Various ICT Applications in Education -------------------------------------------- 31 2.
• 6.1Concept and Techniques of CAI -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 2.
• 6.2Characteristics of CAI - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - 36 2.
• 6.3Uses of CAI --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 2.
• 6.4Preparation of CAI ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------40 2.
• 6.5Steps of Developing a CAI Package for a Lesson - ------------------------------------------ - - 40 
• 2.7Types of CAI Aids Used in Teaching and Learning -------------------------------------------------- 41 2.
• 7.1Other Computer Devices used in Teaching and Learning - --------------------------------------42 2.
• 7.2Guidelines for Selecting CAI Materials-----------------------------------------------------------------44 2.
• 7.3Guidelines and Requirements for the Utilization of CAI - ---------------------------------------- 46 2.
• 7.4Problems Associated with the Use of CAI Aids - - ------------------------------------------------ 48 
• 2.8Conventional mode of Teaching Supported with CAI ----------------------------------------------- 52 2.
• 8.1Comparison between the Conventional mode of Teaching and CAI- - - - - - - ----------- - 53 2.
• 8.2The Role of CAI usage by Teachers in Classroom Instruction - ----------------------------- 54 2.
• 8.3Advantages and Disadvantages of Using CAI Aids in Classroom Teaching and Learning Process - - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 55 2.
• 8.4Evaluation of CAI used in the Classroom- ---------------------------------------------------------- 59 
• 2.9The Role of Secondary School Teachers in the Use of CAI- in Classroom Instruction - - - - - - 60 
• 2.10The Need for CAI Aids in Enhancing Quality Education ---------------------------------------------- 63 2.
• 10.1Ways in Which CAI Can Improve Teaching and Learning of Economics in Schools - - - - - - 64 
• 2.11Impact of ICT on Students‟ Academic Performance - ------------------------------------------------ - 67 2.
• 11.1Students Characteristics -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------70 2.
• 11.2Teachers Effectiveness in Using CAI ------------------------------------------------------------------- 71 2.
• 11.3Impact of CAI on Gender ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 73 2.
• 11.4Impact of CAI on Skill Acquisition - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 74 2.
• 11.5Impact of CAI on School Location ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 75 2.
• 11.6Impact of CAI on Independent Learning - ------------------------------------------------------------76 
• 2.12Definition of Biology  - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 77 
• 2.13Objectives and Benefits of Biology as a Subject in Secondary School----------------------78 
• 2.14Challenges of Teachers and Students in Teaching and Learning  Biology in Secondary Schools - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - 81 
• 2.15Empirical Studies - - - - - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - 84 
• 2.16Summary - - - - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - 92 

Chapter THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• 3.1Introduction - - - -------------------- - - 94 
• 3.2Research Design - - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 94 
• 3.3Population - - - - - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - 94 
• 3.4Sample and Sampling Technique - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------- - 96 
• 3.5Instrumentation - - - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - 98 3.
• 5.1Validity of the Instrument - - - - - -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 98 3.
• 5.2Pilot Study - - - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 98 3.
• 5.3Reliability of the Instrument - - - - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- - 99 
• 3.6Administration of the Instrument - - - - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 99 
• 3.7Method of Scoring------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 100 
• 3.8Methods of Data Analysis-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 100 

Chapter FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

• RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
• 4.1Introduction - - - - - - 101 
• 4.2Answers to Research Questions - - - -------------------------------------------------------------------- - 101 
• 4.3Hypotheses Testing - - - - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• 1084.4Summary of Major Findings - - - - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - 115 
• 4.5Discussions of the Findings - - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 116 

Chapter FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
• 5.1Introduction - - - - - - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 122 
• 5.2Summary - - - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - 122 
• 5.3Conclusions - - - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - 125 
• 5.4Recommendations - - - - - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- - 127 
• 5.5Suggestions for Further Studies - - - --------------------------------------------------------------- - 128 References - - - - - - - ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - 130