EFFECTS OF FIELD- TRIP ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN ECOLOGY AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN ZARIA, NIGERIA.

• TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i Declaration -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ii Dedication------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii Certification ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv Acknowledgements -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------v Abstract -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vii Table of contents -=-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------viii List of tables -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xii List of figures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ xiv List of Appendices------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xv Abbreviations ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ xvi Operational Definition of terms ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xvii 

Chapter ONE

INTRODUCTION

• -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 
• 1.1Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 1.
• 1.1Theoretical Frame work ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 
• 1.2Statement of the Problem ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 
• 1.3Objectives of the Study -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12 
• 1.4Research Questions -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13 
• 1.5Null Hypotheses --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 
• 1.6Significance of the Study ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 
• 1.7Scope of the Study -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14 
• 1.8Basic Assumptions ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 

Chapter TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15 
• 2.0REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE-------------------------------------------------------------------------15 
• 2.1Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 
• 2.2Nature of Biology as Science Subject at Senior Secondary School Level --------------------------15 2.
• 2.1Teaching Ecology Concepts at Senior Secondary Level-----------------------------------------------17 2.
• 2.2Students Academic Achievement in Biology --------------------------------------------------------------19 
• 2.3Science Teaching Methods/Strategies ------------------------------------------------------------------------20 2.
• 3.1Field Trip Teaching Strategy -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------27 
• 2.4Retention Ability in Science ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 
• 2.5School Location and Academic Achievement in Science.------------------------------------------------37 
• 2.6Overview of Similar Studies ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40 
• 2.7Implication of the Literature Reviewed on the Present Study------------------------------------------48 

Chapter THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------50 
• 3.0METHODOLOGY--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• 503.1Introduction -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------50 
• 3.2Research Design--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50 
• 3.3Population of the Study, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• 513.4Sample and Sampling Procedure ------------------------------------------------------------------------------52 
• 3.5Instrumentation,----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53 3.
• 6.Validation of the Instruments ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55 
• 3.7Pilot Testing ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55 
• 3.8Reliability of the Instruments, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 
• 3.9Treatment Administration,--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------56 
• 3.10Procedure of Data Collection---------------------------------------------------------------------------------62 
• 3.11Data Analysis -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------62 

Chapter FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

• ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------62 DATA PRESENTATION, RESULT ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION-----------------------------------------
• 624.1Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65 
• 4.2Analysis and Result Presentation---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65 
• 4.3Summary of Findings ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------70 
• 4.4Discussion of the Results ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------71 

Chapter FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------74SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ..................................................................
• 745.1Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------74 
• 5.2Summary----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7 
• 5.3Conclusion --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 75 
• 5.4Recommendations --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------77 
• 5.7Suggestions for Further Studies --------------------------------------------------------------------------------78 REFERENCES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 79