EFFECT OF STUDENTS IMPROVISED INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS ON SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ACHIEVEMENT IN BIOLOGY

•             TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE.....................................................................................................................................i CERTIFICATION............................................................................................................................. ii APPROVAL PAGE ...........................................................................................................................iii DEDICATION.................................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................................. v TABLE OF CONTENTS.....................................................................................................................vi LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................................................vii ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................................x 

Chapter ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the Study………….....………………………… 1 Statement of the Problem………………………………………….....................……………………13 Purpose of the Study………………………………………………………………......................…...14 Significance of the Study………………………………………………………….......................……14 Scope of the Study………………………………………………………………….......................…..16 Research Questions…………………………………………………………………........................….16 Hypotheses…………………………………………………………………………..........................…..17 

Chapter TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• Conceptual Framework…………………………… ....18 Importance of Science (Biology) Teaching in School …………………………….....................…....18 Academic Achievements in Biology and its Impediments.........................................................…...19 Factors Influencing Students’ Achievement...….............................................................................. 21 Resources in the Teaching/Learning Process……….……………………………….....................… 22 Factors that Affects the Use of Instructional Materials……………………………….....................…23 Improvisation ………………………………………………………………………….............................24 Improvisation in Science, its Concept, Significant and Problem………………..……....................... 31 Factors to be Considered in Planning Improvisation……………………………….....................…...37 Preserving Improvised Instructional Materials……………………………………….......................….42 Theoretical Framework………………………………………………………………...............................43 Brunner’s Theory of Cognitive Development…………………………………….….......................….43 Piaget’s Cognitive Theory of Learning…………………………………………….….......................…46 Review of Empirical Studies….……………………………………………………............................….48 Studies on Effects of Improvised Instructional Materials on Students’ Achievement…...................39 Studies on Effects of Gender and Location on Students’ Achievement…………….….....................43 Summary of Literature Review……………………………………………………............................….55 

Chapter THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• RESEARCH METHOD Design of the Study…………………………………….57 Area of the Study………………………………………………………………………..........................57 Population………………………………………………………………………………...........................58 Sample and Sampling Techniques………………………………………………….............................58 Instrument for Data Collection……………………………………………………….........................…58 Validation of the Instrument……………………………………………………………..........................59 Reliability of the Instrument…………………………………………………………...........................…59 Experimental Procedure…..............................................................................................................59 Control of Extraneous of Extraneous Variables……………………………………….....................…60 Method of Data Collection…………………………………………………………..........................…. 61 Method of Data Analysis…………………………………………………………….....................… 61 

Chapter FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

• RESULTS Summary of Findings 

Chapter FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• DISCUSSION OF RESULTS, IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATION Discussion Conclusion Educational Implications of the Study Recommendations Limitations of the Study Suggestions for Further Study Summary of the Study REFERENCES 124