ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF INQUIRY AND DEMONSTRATION METHODS ON PERFORMANCE OF BIOLOGY STUDENTS’ IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY, ABUJA, NIGERIA

•         TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover Page------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------i Title Page--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ii Declaration-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iii Certification-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iv Dedication-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------v Acknowledgements------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------vi Abstract--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------vii Table of Contents-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------viiiList of Figures------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------xi List of Tables------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------xii List of Abbreviations and symbols--------------------------------------------------------------------------------xiv List of Appendices---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------xvi Definition of Operational Terms--------------------------------------------------------------------------------xvii 

Chapter ONE

INTRODUCTION

• -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• 11.0INTRODUCTION------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• 11.1Background to the Study--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 
• 1.2Statement of the Problem------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 
• 1.3Objectives of the Study---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8 
• 1.4Research Questions-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8 
• 1.5Research Hypotheses-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9 
• 1.6Basic Assumptions---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10 
• 1.7Significance of the Study-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10 
• 1.8Scope of the Study----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12 

Chapter TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• 132.0REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE----------------------------------------------------------------------
• 132.1Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• 132.2Conceptual Framework-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13 2.
• 2.1Concept of Biology----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14 2.
• 2.2Concept of Inquiry Method-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------18 2.
• 2.3Concept of Demonstration Method-------------------------------------------------------------------------21 2.
• 2.4Concept of Students‘ Academic Performance----------------------------------------------------------23 
• 2.3Theoretical Framework------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24 2.
• 3.1Piaget‘s Development Theory--------------------------------------------------------------------------------27 2.
• 3.2Bruner‘s Theory of Cognitive learning----------------------------------------------------------------------30 2.
• 3.3Dewey‘s Cognitive Theory------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33 2.
• 3.4Vygotsky‘s Learning Theory----------------------------------------------------------------------------------35 
• 2.4Biology Education Curriculum in Secondary Schools in Nigeria---------------------------------------37 
• 2.5Instructional Methods in the Teaching of Biology---------------------------------------------------------41 2.
• 5.1Teacher-Centred Method-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------43 2.
• 5.2Student-Centred Method-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------46 
• 2.6Inquiry Method-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------51 2.
• 6.1Features of Inquiry Method-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------55 2.
• 6.2The Inquiry Process-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------59 2.
• 6.3Advantages and Disadvantages of Inquiry Method---------------------------------------------------64 2.
• 6.4Influence of Inquiry method on Students‘ performance in Biology-------------------------------65 
• 2.7Demonstration Method-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------66 2.
• 7.1Types of Demonstration Method--------------------------------------------------------------------------68 2.
• 7.2Advantages and Disadvantages of Demonstration Method----------------------------------------69 2.
• 7.3Influence of Demonstration Method on Students‘ Performance in Biology---------------------71 
• 2.8Student‘s attitudes towards Biology and Instructional Methods--------------------------------------72 
• 2.9Empirical Studies------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------74 
• 2.10Summary-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------100 

Chapter THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------101 
• 3.0RESEARCH METHODOLOGY------------------------------------------------------------------------------101 
• 3.1Introduction-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------101 
• 3.2Research Design------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------101 
• 3.3Population---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------103 
• 3.4Sample and Sampling Techniques--------------------------------------------------------------------------103 3.
• 4.1Homogeneity of Sample-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------106 
• 3.5Instrumentation---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------107 3.
• 5.1Table of Specification-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------107 3.
• 5.2Treatment Package-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------109 3.
• 5.3Validity of the Instrument------------------------------------------------------------------------------------112 3.
• 5.4Pilot Study-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------113 3.
• 5.5Reliability of the Instrument----------------------------------------------------------------------------------113 
• 3.6Procedure for Data Collection---------------------------------------------------------------------------------114 3.
• 6.1Treatment Procedure-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------115 3.
• 6.2Control of Extraneous Variables----------------------------------------------------------------------------132 
• 3.7Procedure for Data Analysis-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------133 

Chapter FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

• -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------134 
• 4.0DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION-----------------------------------------------134 
• 4.1Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------134 
• 4.2Description of Study Variables----------------------------------------------------------------------------------134 
• 4.3Analysis of Research Questions-------------------------------------------------------------------------------135 
• 4.4Hypotheses Testing-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------139 
• 4.5Summary of Major Findings-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------145 
• 4.6Discussion of Findings------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------146 

Chapter FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• 1475.0SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS----------------------------------------------147 
• 5.1Summary-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------152 
• 5.2Conclusion-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------154 
• 5.3Recommendations------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------154 
• 5.4Contributions to Knowledge------------------------------------------------------------------------------------155 
• 5.5Suggestions for further Study----------------------------------------------------------------------------------156 References---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------157 Appendices--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------170