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Prevalence of salmonella spp. and e. coli on some automated teller machine (atm) surfaces within kaduna-north local government, kaduna state
Prevalence of salmonella spp. and e. coli on some automated teller machine (atm) surfaces within kaduna-north local government, kaduna state
Table Of Contents
- Title page – – – – – – – – – iDedication – – – – – – – – iiDeclaration – – – – – – – – – iiiProject Approval – – – – – – – – ivAcknowledgement – – – – – – – – vTable of content – – – – – – – – viAbstract – – – – – – – – – viiCHAPTER ONE1.0 Introduction – – – – – – – –
- 11.1 Aim – – – – – – – – –
- 41.2 Objectives – – – – – – – –
- 41.3Statement of Research Problem – – – – – –
- 41.4 Justification – – – – – – – – 5CHAPTER TWO2.0 Literature review- – – – – – – –
- 62.1 An automated Teller Machine (ATM machine) – – – –
- 62.2 History and invention of ATM machines – – – –
- 62.3 ATMs contact surfaces – – – – – – –
- 72.4 Hygiene – – – – – – – – –
- 82.5Poor personal hygiene – – – – – – –
- 82.6 Cross contamination – – – – – – –
- 92.7 Outbreak associated with ATM contact surfaces- – – –
- 92.8 Contributing factors to illness- – – – – – –
- 102.9Enteric Bacteria – – – – – – – – 132.
- 1.1Selected genera of the Family Enterobacteriaceae – – – 162.1.2Escherichia coli– – – – – – – – – 16 2.
- 1.3Salmonella species. – – – – – – – 21CHAPTER THREE3.0 Materials and methods – – – – – – –
- 233.1Sampling sites – – – – – – – –
- 233.2 Sample collection – – – – – – –
- 233.3 Media preparation – – – – – – –
- 243.4 Bacteriological Procedures – – – – – – 243.
- 4.1 Serial dilution – – – – – – – – 243.
- 4.2 Inoculation and incubation of samples – – – – 253.
- 4.3Gram staining – – – – – – – –
- 263.5 Biochemical tests – – – – – – – 273.
- 5.1 Citrate utilization test – – – – – – – 273.
- 5.2 Indole test – – – – – – – – 273.
- 5.3 Methyl red test – – – – – – – – 273.
- 5.4 Voges-Proskauer test – – – – – – – 283.
- 5.5 Triple sugar iron test – – – – – – – 283.
- 5.6 Urease test – – – – – – – – 28CHAPTER FOUR4.0 Results – – – – – – – – – 30
Thesis Abstract
AbstractThe presence of pathogenic bacteria on frequently touched surfaces in public areas has raised concerns about the potential for disease transmission. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella spp. and E. coli on some Automated Teller Machine (ATM) surfaces within Kaduna-North Local Government, Kaduna State. A total of 50 ATM surfaces were sampled using sterile swabs and the samples were processed following standard microbiological procedures. The isolates were identified using biochemical tests and confirmed using molecular techniques. The results showed that 40% of the sampled ATM surfaces were contaminated with Salmonella spp., while 30% were positive for E. coli. Additionally, 10% of the ATMs were found to be contaminated with both Salmonella spp. and E. coli. The presence of these pathogenic bacteria on ATM surfaces highlights the need for regular cleaning and disinfection of these frequently touched surfaces to reduce the risk of potential infections. Public health awareness and education on hand hygiene and surface disinfection are crucial in preventing the spread of pathogens in public settings. Further studies are recommended to explore the sources of contamination and evaluate the effectiveness of different cleaning protocols in reducing bacterial load on ATM surfaces.
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