Preliminary investigation on effects of burantashi extract on lipoproteins of albino male and female whistar rats

Thesis Overview

<p> </p><p>INTRODUCTION</p><p>Erectile dysfunction, ED, is a sexual dysfunction that affects the<br>reproductive systems of both men and women. By definition according to<br>National Institute of Health consensus Development Panel on impotence<br>(1993), in Males, it is a sexual dysfunction characterized with the inability to<br>develop or maintain an erection of the penis sufficient for satisfactory sexual<br>performance. It is also known as Male impotence or Baby D syndrome,<br>while in women, according to American Psychiatric Association (1994), it is<br>characterized with the persistent or recurrent inability to attain, or maintain<br>until completion of the sexual activity, an adequate Lubrication- Swelling<br>response that otherwise is present during female sexual arousal and sexual<br>activity is thus prevented. Hence, it is called Women impotence or female<br>erectile dysfunction.<br>The word impotence may also be used to describe other problems that<br>may interfere with sexual intercourse and reproduction, such as lack of<br>Sexual Desire and problems with ejaculation or orgasm. Using the term<br>“erectile dysfunction,” however makes it clear that those other problems are<br>not involved (NIH, 2005).<br>An erection occurs as a hydraulic effect due to blood entering and being<br>retained in sponge-like bodies within the penis and clitoris. The process is<br>most often than not initiated as a result of sexual arousal, when signals are<br>transmitted from the brain to nerves in the pelvis.<br>2<br>Erectile dysfunction is, therefore indicated when an erection is<br>consistently difficult or impossible to produce, despite arousal (Laumann et<br>al., 1999).<br>1.1 PREVALENCE OF ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION IN WOMEN<br>Erectile dysfunction which is known as Female erection dysfunction in<br>women occurs in about 43% of American Women (NIH Consensus<br>Conference, 1993). And this medical Condition is a persistent or recurrent<br>inability to attain or maintain clitoral erection until completion of the sexual<br>activity, an adequate Lubrication –Swelling response that is normally<br>present during Female sexual arousal and sexual activity is therefore, absent.<br>The individual having the condition is said to experience frigidity (American<br>Psychiatric Association, 1994). Again,<br>According to Otubu et al. (1998) about 8.7% of Women suffer from this<br>very condition in the United States while between 35.3 – 40%, according to<br>Adequnloye (2002) and Eze (1994) of Women in Nigeria suffer from this<br>condition. Spector and Carey (1994) reported 5-10% in the United States.<br>In addition, Female erectile dysfunction occurs at any age but majorly<br>in old age. Hence, the most significant age related change is menopause<br>(Karen, 2000) and (Rod et al., 2005). However, erectile dysfunction may be<br>caused by diabetes, atherosclerosis, hormonal imbalances, neurological<br>problems etc. (Organic causes) or stress, depression etc.<br>Because treating the underlying causes (Organic or Psychological), the<br>first line treatment of ED consists of a trial of PDES inhibitor (the first of<br>which was Sildenafil or Viagra). In some cases, treatment can involve<br>prostag-Landin tablets in the Urethra, intravenous injection with a fine<br>needle into the penis or clitoris that causes swelling of Penis or Clitoris<br>Pump or Vascular surgery, estrogen replacement therapy for the women etc.<br>3<br>Although there are various methods and techniques that are used to treat<br>this very condition, however, for the purpose of this project, the treatment is<br>restricted to Yohimbe, an extract from Pausinystalia yohimbe.<br>1.2 PREVALENCE OF ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION IN MEN<br>Erectile dysfunction, ED, varies in severity; some men have a total<br>inability to achieve an erection, others have inconsistent ability to achieve an<br>erection, and still others can sustain only brief erection. The variation in<br>severity of erectile dysfunction makes estimating its frequency difficult.<br>Many men also are reluctant to discuss erectile dysfunction with their<br>doctors, and thus, the condition is under-diagnosed. Nevertheless, experts<br>have estimated that ED affects 30 million men in the United States. Again,<br>according to the statistical research carried out by Adegunloye (2002) and<br>Eze (1994) respectively in Nigeria, results shows that about 23-26.4% of<br>men suffer from this condition while according to Spector and Carey (1999)<br>discovered that about 4-9% of men suffer from the condition in the United<br>States.<br>While erectile dysfunction can occur at any age, it is uncommon among<br>young men and more common in the elderly. By the age of 45, most men<br>have experienced erectile dysfunction at least some of the time. According<br>to the Massachusetts Male Aging Study, complete impotence increases from<br>5% among Men 40 years of age to 15% among Men 70 years and older.<br>Population studies conducted in the Netherlands found out that some degree<br>of ED occurred in 20% of Men between 50 – 54 and in 50% of men between<br>ages 70 – 78. In 1998, the National Ambulatory Medical care Survey<br>counted 1,520,000 Doctor Offices visited for ED.</p> <br><p></p>