Elucidation of some immunological and biochemical nature of the leaves of senna mimosoides
Table Of Contents
Chapter ONE
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1Introduction
- 1.2Background of Study
- 1.3Problem Statement
- 1.4Objective of Study
- 1.5Limitation of Study
- 1.6Scope of Study
- 1.7Significance of Study
- 1.8Structure of the Research
- 1.9Definition of Terms
Chapter TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1Overview of Immunology
- 2.2Biochemical Composition of Plant Leaves
- 2.3Importance of Studying Immunological Aspects
- 2.4Previous Research on Plant Immunology
- 2.5Role of Leaves in Plant Defense Mechanisms
- 2.6Immunological Significance of Senna Mimosoides
- 2.7Biochemical Properties of Senna Mimosoides Leaves
- 2.8Comparative Studies on Plant Leaves Immunology
- 2.9Impact of Environmental Factors on Plant Immunity
- 2.10Future Directions in Plant Immunology Research
Chapter THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 3.1Research Methodology Overview
- 3.2Selection of Senna Mimosoides Leaves
- 3.3Immunological Assays and Techniques
- 3.4Biochemical Analysis Methods
- 3.5Experimental Design and Variables
- 3.6Data Collection Procedures
- 3.7Statistical Analysis Approaches
- 3.8Ethical Considerations in Research
Chapter FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
- 4.1Analysis of Immunological Parameters
- 4.2Characterization of Biochemical Components
- 4.3Comparison with Other Plant Species
- 4.4Interpretation of Experimental Results
- 4.5Discussion on Immunological Significance
- 4.6Implications of Biochemical Findings
- 4.7Limitations of the Study
- 4.8Recommendations for Further Research
Chapter FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- 5.1Summary of Findings
- 5.2Conclusions Drawn from the Study
- 5.3Contributions to the Field of Plant Immunology
- 5.4Practical Applications of Research Results
- 5.5Implications for Future Studies
Thesis Abstract
In the present study, the phytochemical composition, immunomodulatory, leukocyte mobilization, haematological and antihepatotoxic effects of the aqueous extract of Senna mimosoides leaves were evaluated. The study also covered the effect of the extract on the activity of lactase and the assessment of the damaging effect of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and ameliorative effect of the extract on liver tissue using histopathological technique. This study was aimed at validating the traditional use of S. mimosoides leaves in folklore medicine to treat breast milk toxicity in neonates by elucidating its immunological and biochemical nature. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical composition showed the presence of 2.67 ± 0.0013 mg of flavonoids; 3.43 ± 0.0028 mg of alkaloids; 1.97 ± 0.0030 mg of saponin; 2.32 ± 0.0032 mg of terpenoids; 0.86 ± 0.0023 mg of steroid; 3.61 ± 0.0025 mg of phenol; 8.31 ± 0.0032 mg of reducing sugar; 4.75 ± 0.0034 m g of tannin; 1.61 ± 0.0031 mg of cyanide; 2.75 ± 0.0029 mg of glycoside and 4.68 ± 0.0033 mg of soluble carbohydrates for every 100 g of the extract. For the animal model experiment, one hundred and thirty (130) albino rats were used. The experimental design was divided into four (4) phases containing five (5) groups of five (5) rats in each group. Rats in group A (control) were administered 0.2 ml of normal saline; rats in groups B, C and D were treated with 50, 100 and 250 mg/kg of the aqueous extract of S. mimosoides leaves respectively; group E rats received levamisole or silymarin (standard drugs) while group F rats were treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) only. Administration of 50, 100 and 250 mg/kg of the extract resulted in a dose-dependent significant (p < 0.05) increase in primary antibody titre with a value of 6, 8, 13, and secondary antibody titre with a value of 11, 26, 34. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response shows that the extract produced a dose- and time-dependent increase in footpad swelling of the rats. The extract (50, 100 and 250 mg/kg) and levamisole (25 mg/kg) at 24 hr after challenge, significantly (p < 0.05) boosted DTH reactions observed respectively as 1.412, 1.504, 1.816 and 1.827 mm difference in thickness of footpad before challenge and 24 hr after challenge while the control elicited a non-significant (p > 0.05) increase with a difference of 0.614 mm. At 48 hr after challenge, there was an additional increase in footpad swelling observed as 1.908, 1.918, 2.304 and 2.326 mm for the extract and levamisole respectively. The humoural antibody (HA) titre and DTH response compare well with that of levamisole, a standard immunostimulatory drug, at 25 mg/kg. The total leukocyte count of the groups treated with different concentrations of extract increased in a dose-dependent manner while the group treated with indomethacin decreased significantly (p < 0.05) compared with control. The percentage packed cell volume (PCV) for group B, before and after treatment with cyclophosphamide (CP) and later with (50 mg/kg) was 38.8 ± 1.30, 19.4 ± 0.55 and 34.4 ± 0.55 respectively. Groups C, D, and E showed the same trend but in the control group decreased by CP was not reversed. In the control, percentage PCV before and after CP and then extract was 35.8 ± 0.45, 19.4 ± 0.55 and 19.8 ± 1.09 respectively. The same trend was observed in haemoglobin concentration, white blood cell count, red blood cell count and its indices. There was increase in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity of rats in group F (81.20 ± 0.84 IU/L) after CCl4 administration as compared to the normal control A (53.00 ± 1.00 IU/L). The extract (50, 100, 250 mg/kg) and silymarin (25 mg/kg) caused a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the activity of ALT (65.00 ± 1.58, 59.20 ± 0.84, 55.20 ± 1.30 and 57.00 ± 1.00 IU/L) respectively. The levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, malondialdehyde, iron, phosphate followed the same trend as ALT compared to control. Administration of CCl4 decreased the level of reduced glutathione in group F (2.21 ± 0.239 mMol/g tissue). However, treatment with different concentrations of the extract and levamisole augmented this decrease (3.08 ± 0.093, 4.17 ± 0.241, 5.16 ± 0.193 and 4.97 ± 0.273 mMol/g tissue) respectively. Activities of glutathione s-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase and concentrations of sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, zinc and selenium showed the same trend. Histopathological studies showed that the extract and levamisole ameliorated centrilobular degeneration of the liver tissues induced by CCl4. Moreover, the extract exhibited higher significant (p < 0.05) activity of lactase in a dose-dependent manner when compared to the control. At 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 µl, the enzyme activity were 17.187, 18.8 22, 20.044, 22.022 and 23.898 IU.The findings of this study show that the vase medicinally important bioactive compounds, present in this extract could be responsible for the immunostimulatory, antihepatotoxic effect, increase in lactase activity and haematological parameters. This justifies the use of this plant in folklore medicine for the treatment of diseases.
Thesis Overview
<p> </p><p>Title Page<br>Certification<br>Dedication<br>Acknowledgement<br>Abstract<br>Table of Contents<br>List of Figures<br>List of Tables<br>List of Plates<br>List of Abbreviation</p><p><strong>CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION</strong><br>1.1 Overview of the Human Immune System<br>1.2 The Cells of the Immune System<br>1.2.1 T-Lymphocytes<br>1.2.2 B-Lymphocytes<br>1.2.3 Natural Killer (Nk) Cells<br>1.2.4 Monocyte and Macrophages<br>1.2.5 Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)<br>1.2.6 Phagocytes<br>1.2.7 Neutrophils<br>1.2.8 Basophils and Mast Cells<br>1.2.9 Eosinophils<br>1.3 Innate (Nonspecific) Immunity<br>1.4 Adaptive Immunity<br>1.5 Humoural Immunity<br>1.6 Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI)<br>1.7 Mediators of the Immune System<br>1.7.1 Cytokines<br>1.7.2 Complement System<br>1.8 Blood<br>1.9 The Concept of Immunomodulation<br>1.10 Cyclophosphamide (CP)<br>1.10.1 Metabolism of Cyclophosphamide<br>1.10.2 Mechanism of Action of Cyclophosphamide<br>1.11 Levamisole<br>1.12 Some Plants with Immunological Potential<br>1.13 The Liver and Its Function<br>1.14 The Overview of the Antioxidant Physiology of Human<br>1.15 Hepatotoxicity<br>1.16 Liver Histology<br>1.17 Biotransformation of Hepatotoxicants<br>1.18 Mechanism of Hepatotoxicity<br>1.19 Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)<br>1.20 Lipid Peroxidation<br>1.21 Glutathione<br>1.21.1 Alanine Aminotransferases- the Standard Clinical Biomarker of Hepatotoxicity<br>1.21.2 Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)<br>1.21.3 Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)<br>1.21.4 Glutathione S-Transferase<br>1.22 Silymarin<br>1.23 Bilirubin<br>1.24 Serum/ Plasma Proteins<br>1.25 Phosphate<br>1.26 Calcium<br>1.27 Sodium<br>1.28 Potassium (K)<br>1.29 Magnesium<br>1.30 Zinc (Zn)<br>1.31 Selenium (Se<br>1.32 Iron<br>1.33 Breast Milk Toxicity<br>1.34 Disaccharides<br>1.35 Botanical Outline of Senna Mimosoides<br>1.36 Previous Investigation Carried Out on Senna Species<br>1.37 Aim of the Study<br>1.40 Specific Research Objectives</p><p><strong>CHAPTER TWO: MATERIALS AND METHODS</strong><br>2.1 Materials<br>2.1.1 Plant Material<br>2.1.2 Animal Material<br>2.1.3 Chemicals and Reagents<br>2.1.3.1Chemicals<br>2.1.3.2Reagents<br>2.2 Methods<br>2.2.1 Aqueous Extraction<br>2.2.2 Experimental Design<br>2.2.3 Phytochemical Analysis<br>2.2.3.1 Qualitative Phytochemical Analysis<br>2.2.3.1.1 Test for Saponins<br>2.2.3.1.2 Test for Alkaloids<br>2.2.3.1.3 Test for Tannins<br>2.2.3.1.4 Test for Flavonoides<br>2.2.3.1.5 Test for Terpenoids<br>2.2.3.1.6 Test for Steroids<br>2.2.3.1.7 Test for Phenols<br>2.2.3.1.8 Test for Glycosides<br>2.2.3.1.9 Test for Reducing Sugar<br>2.2.3.1.10 Test for Cyanide<br>2.2.3.1.11 Test for Soluble Carbohydrate (Molisch Test)<br>2.2.3.2 Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis<br>2.2.3.2.1 Test for Saponins<br>2.2.3.2.2 Test for Alkaloids<br>2.2.3.2.3 Test for Tannins<br>2.2.3.2.4 Test for Flavonoids<br>2.2.3.2.5 Test for Terpenoids<br>2.2.3.2.6 Test for Steroids<br>2.2.3.2.7 Test for Glycosides<br>2.2.3.2.8 Test for Reducing Sugar<br>2.2.3.2.9 Test for Soluble Carbohydrate<br>2.2.3.2.10 Test for Cyanide<br>2.2.3.2.11 Test for Phenols<br>2.2.4 Determination of Biological Activity<br>2.2.4.1 Acute Toxicity and Lethality<br>2.2.4.2 Immunomodulatory Activity of Extracts<br>2.2.4.2.1 Preparation of Antigen<br>2.2.4.2.2 Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) Reaction<br>2.2.4.2.3 Humoural Antibody (HA) Synthesis<br>2.2.4.3 Cyclophosphamide-Induced Myelosuppression<br>2.2.4.4 Determination of Haematological Parameter<br>2.2.4.4.1 Determination of WBC Count<br>2.2.4.4.2 Determination of PCV Concentration<br>2.2.4.4.3 Determination of Hb Concentration<br>2.2.4.4.4 Determination of RBC Count<br>2.2.4.5 Effect of the Extract on in vivo Leukocyte Mobilization<br>2.2.4.6 Determination of the Effect of the Extract on CCl4 Induced Hepatotoxicity<br>2.2.4.6.1 Assay of Serum Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) Activity<br>2.2.4.6.2 Assay of Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) Activity<br>2.2.4.6.3 Assay of Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) Activity<br>2.2.4.6.4 Determination of Serum Bilirubin<br>2.2.4.6.5 Determination of Catalase Activity<br>2.2.4.6.6 Determination of Reduced Glutathione Level<br>2.2.4.6.7 Determination of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Activity<br>2.2.4.6.8 Assay of Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) Activity<br>2.2.4.6.9 Assay of Glutathione Peroxidase Activity<br>2.2.4.6.10 Determination of Malondialdehyde (MDA) Concentration<br>2.2.4.7 Serum Inorganic Ion Determination<br>2.2.4.7.1 Determination of Serum Iron Concentration<br>2.2.4.7.2 Determination of Serum Selenium Concentration<br>2.2.4.7.3 Determination of Serum Zinc Concentration<br>2.2.4.7.4 Determination of Serum Calcium Concentration<br>2.2.4.7.5 Determination of Serum Phosphate Concentration<br>2.2.4.7.6 Determination of Serum Magnesium Concentration<br>2.2.4.7.7 Determination of Serum Sodium and Potassium<br>2.2.4.8 Determination of Serum Protein Concentration<br>2.2.4.9 Histopathological Study<br>2.2.4.10 Determination of the Effect of the Extract on the Activity of Lactase 65<br>2.2.5 Statistical Analysis</p><p><strong>CHAPTER THREE: RESULTS</strong><br>3.1 Extract of Senna mimosoides<br>3.2 Phytochemical Composition of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides Leaves<br>3.2.1 Qualitative Phytochemical Composition of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides Leaves<br>3.2.2 Qualitative Phytochemical Composition of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides Leaves<br>3.3 LD50<br>3.4 Effect of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides Leaves on In Vivo Leukocyte Migration<br>3.5 Effect of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides Leaves on Humoural Immunity<br>3.6 Effect of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides Leaves on Cell Mediated Immunity<br>3.7 Effect of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides Leaves on Serum PCV Level<br>3.8 Effect of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides Leaves on Serum Hb Concentration<br>3.9 Effect of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides Leaves on Serum WBC Level<br>3.10 Effect of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides Leaves on Serum Red Blood Cell Level<br>3.11 Effect of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides Leaves on MCH Concentration Level<br>3.12 Effect of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides Leaves on Mean Cellular Volume<br>3.13 Effect of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides Leaves on Serum MCH Level<br>3.14 Effect of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides on Serum Level of AST<br>3.15 Effect of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides on Serum Level of Alanine Transaminase<br>3.16 Effect of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides on Serum Level of Alkaline Phosphatase<br>3.17 Effect of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides on Serum Level of Bilirubin<br>3.18 Effect of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides on the Activity of Glutathione Peroxidase<br>3.19 Effect of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides on the Activity of Superoxide Dismutase<br>3.20 Effect of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides on the Activity of Catalase<br>3.21 Effect of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides on Lipid Peroxidation<br>3.22 Effect of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides on the Activity of Glutathione S-transferase<br>3.23 Effect of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides on Glutathione Level<br>3.24 Effect of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides on Total Serum Protein<br>3.25 Effect of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides on Serum Level of Sodium<br>3.26 Effect of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides on Serum Level of Magnesium<br>3.27 Effect of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides on Serum Level of Iron<br>3.28 Effect of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides on Serum Level of Potassium<br>3.29 Effect of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides on Serum Level of Phosphate<br>3.30 Effect of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides on Serum Level of Calcium<br>3.31 Effect of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides on Serum Level of Zinc<br>3.32 Effect of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides on Serum Level of Selenium<br>3.33 Effect of Aqueous Extract of S. mimosoides on the Activity of Lactase<br>3.34 Histopathological Examination on the Liver Control Group A<br>3.35 Histopathological Examination of Liver Cells of Rats in Group B<br>3.36 Histopathological Examination of Liver Cells of Rats in Group C<br>3.37 Histopathological Examination of Liver Cells of Rats in Group D<br>3.38 Histopathological Examination of Liver Cells of Rats in Group E<br>3.39 Histopathological Examination of Liver Cells of Rats in Group F</p><p><strong>CHAPTER FOUR: DISCUSSION</strong><br>4.1 Discussion<br>4.2 Conclusion<br>4.3 Suggestions for Further Studies<br>References</p> <br><p></p>Blazingprojects Mobile App
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