Comparative Analysis of Feed Efficiency in Indigenous and Commercial Chicken Breeds

Thesis Abstract

In light of the increasing demand for efficient poultry production systems, this study investigates the comparative feed efficiency of indigenous and commercial chicken breeds to identify genetic and management factors influencing growth performance and resource utilization. Feed efficiency, a critical determinant of economic sustainability in poultry farming, remains inadequately characterized across different breeds within developing country contexts, where indigenous breeds are often overlooked despite their adaptability and resilience. Accordingly, the primary aim of this research is to evaluate and compare the feed conversion ratio (FCR), residual feed intake (RFI), and growth parameters of indigenous and commercial chicken breeds under controlled feeding conditions, with a view to informing breed selection and management practices. The specific objectives include quantifying and contrasting the feed intake, weight gain, and feed efficiency indices of the selected breeds; exploring the genetic basis of observed performance differences using a theoretical framework grounded in the Quantitative Genetics Theory and the Life History Theory; and assessing environmental influences on breed performance through interaction analysis. The research adopts a descriptive cross-sectional design integrating both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. The population comprises two dominant breeds—an indigenous local breed and a well-established commercial broiler breed—consisting of approximately 300 chickens each, sourced from local farms and commercial hatcheries, respectively. A stratified random sampling technique is employed to select 150 birds per breed for detailed study, ensuring representation across age, sex, and health status. Data collection instruments include standardized feeding protocols, digital feed and weight tracking systems, and structured questionnaires to collect environmental and management data. Feed intake is measured using automated feed dispensers, and growth performance is monitored bi-weekly over a 12-week period, with periodic measurement of feed consumption and body weight. The validity and reliability of measurement instruments are established through calibration against standard scales and repeated pilot testing, respectively. Data analysis employs Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to determine breed differences in feed efficiency indices, complemented by regression analysis to evaluate relationships between feed intake and weight gain. Residual Feed Intake (RFI) is estimated through multiple linear regression models controlling for metabolic body weight and growth rate variables, while interaction effects are examined using two-way ANOVA. Theoretical frameworks, including the Quantitative Genetics Theory and the Life History Theory, underpin the interpretation of genetic and environmental interactions influencing feed efficiency. Ethical considerations adhere to institutional guidelines for animal research, including humane handling and welfare protocols. Expected findings indicate significant differences in feed conversion ratios, with commercial breeds exhibiting superior efficiency due to selective breeding for rapid growth, while indigenous breeds demonstrate greater resilience and adaptability with potentially comparable RFI values. The study anticipates that environmental factors such as housing conditions, feed type, and management practices significantly modulate breed performance, with interactive effects identified through statistical modeling. These findings are expected to contribute novel insights into the genetic and environmental determinants of feed efficiency, filling existing gaps in literature concerning indigenous breeds within tropical settings and offering practical implications for breed improvement programs. The study concludes that breed-specific strategies, incorporating genetic traits and environmental factors, are essential to optimize feed efficiency in diverse poultry systems. Recommendations include integrating indigenous breeds into breeding programs to enhance resilience traits while employing targeted management interventions to improve feed utilization in commercial lines. Finally, the research advocates for further longitudinal studies to confirm genetic heritability estimates and explore molecular markers associated with feed efficiency traits, paving the way for molecular breeding initiatives tailored to local production systems.