Evaluating Microbial Fuel Cells for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment in Small-Scale Farms

Thesis Abstract

The increasing demand for sustainable wastewater management solutions in small-scale agricultural operations necessitates innovative approaches that address both environmental and economic challenges. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) present a promising technology capable of simultaneously treating wastewater and generating renewable energy. Despite their potential, limited empirical data exists on the performance, feasibility, and scalability of MFCs within the context of small-scale farms, particularly in developing regions where resource constraints are prevalent. This study aims to evaluate the technical efficiency, economic viability, and environmental impact of employing MFCs for wastewater treatment in small-scale farming systems. The specific objectives include 1) assessing the removal efficiencies of prevalent pollutants such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and pathogen indicators; 2) evaluating the electrical power output and energy recovery potential; 3) analyzing operational costs relative to conventional treatment methods; and 4) identifying barriers and facilitators to the adoption of MFC technology in small-scale farm settings. The research adopts a mixed-methods approach, integrating quantitative experimental design with qualitative assessments. The quantitative component involves laboratory and pilot-scale field studies utilizing a sample of 30 small-scale farms within a defined agricultural region. The experimental setup encompasses the construction and operation of MFC reactors based on the dual-chamber configuration, powered by locally sourced materials to enhance cost-effectiveness. Data collection instruments include standard chemical analysis kits for water quality parameters, multimeter and data loggers for electrical output measurement, and structured questionnaires for operational and economic data from farm practitioners. The qualitative data is gathered via semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with farmers, technicians, and stakeholders to elucidate socio-economic and contextual factors influencing MFC adoption. Data analysis employs descriptive statistics and inferential techniques, notably regression analysis to determine correlations between operational conditions and treatment efficacy, and ANOVA to compare performance across different farm contexts. The environmental impact assessment is conducted through life cycle analysis (LCA) to quantify environmental benefits and potential trade-offs. The theoretical frameworks grounding the study include the Resource-Based View to evaluate technological adoption factors and the Ecological Modernization Theory to interpret environmental outcomes. Expected findings indicate that MFCs can achieve significant pollutant removal efficiencies, exceeding 80% for BOD and COD within operational periods of four to six weeks, with average power outputs of 50–150 mW/m^2. The study anticipates demonstrating that MFCs offer a cost-effective alternative to conventional stabilization ponds, with initial investment recovery within one to two years depending on farm size and wastewater load. Qualitative insights are expected to highlight key facilitators such as ease of operation and perceived environmental benefits, alongside barriers including initial capital, technical expertise, and maintenance concerns. The contribution to knowledge resides in providing comprehensive empirical data on the performance and feasibility of MFC technology tailored for small-scale agriculture, advancing understanding of techno-economic and socio-cultural dimensions influencing adoption. The main conclusion underscores that MFCs constitute a viable sustainable wastewater treatment option in resource-constrained small farms, especially when supported by targeted capacity building and policy incentives. The study recommends further research into system optimization, integration with crop irrigation technologies, and policy frameworks to enhance scalability. Overall, the findings aim to inform practitioners, policymakers, and researchers engaged in sustainable agricultural and environmental management, fostering broader utilization of microbial fuel cell technology in low-resource farming communities.