Detection of hepatitis c and hepatitis b virus infection among prison inmates and psychiatric patients
Table Of Contents
Chapter ONE
1.1 Introduction1.2 Background of Study
1.3 Problem Statement
1.4 Objective of Study
1.5 Limitation of Study
1.6 Scope of Study
1.7 Significance of Study
1.8 Structure of the Research
1.9 Definition of Terms
Chapter TWO
2.1 Overview of Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B Virus Infections2.2 Prevalence of Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B in Prison Settings
2.3 Risk Factors for Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B Transmission
2.4 Diagnosis and Screening Methods for Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B
2.5 Treatment Options for Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B
2.6 Impact of Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B Infections on Prison Inmates and Psychiatric Patients
2.7 Strategies for Prevention and Control of Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B
2.8 Global Perspective on Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B Infections
2.9 Ethical Considerations in Researching Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B
2.10 Current Research Trends in Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B Infections
Chapter THREE
3.1 Research Design and Methodology3.2 Sampling Techniques and Sample Size
3.3 Data Collection Methods
3.4 Data Analysis Procedures
3.5 Ethical Considerations and Informed Consent
3.6 Reliability and Validity of Research Instruments
3.7 Limitations of the Research Methodology
3.8 Data Presentation Techniques
Chapter FOUR
4.1 Overview of Research Findings4.2 Detection Rates of Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B in Prison Inmates
4.3 Detection Rates of Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B in Psychiatric Patients
4.4 Factors Influencing Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B Infections in Institutional Settings
4.5 Comparison of Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B Prevalence
4.6 Impact of Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B Infections on Healthcare Systems
4.7 Recommendations for Policy and Practice
4.8 Implications for Future Research
Chapter FIVE
5.1 Summary of Findings5.2 Conclusions Drawn from the Research
5.3 Contributions to Knowledge in the Field
5.4 Practical Implications and Recommendations
5.5 Areas for Future Research
5.6 Reflection on the Research Process
5.7 Limitations of the Study
5.8 Conclusion and Final Remarks
Thesis Abstract
There is high risk of contracting hepatitis B and C among individuals with psychotic disorders due to lifestyle factors and prisoners globally continue to demonstrate a higher prevalence of Hepatitis B and C than the general population. This study was aimed at determining the seroprevalence of HCV and HBV and to detect hepatitis C virus (HCV) among prison inmates and psychiatric patients in Kaduna Metropolis. A total of 276 (153 prison inmates and 123 psychiatric patients) serum samples were tested for anti-HCV and Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) using third generation Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and RDT method respectively. Hepatitis C virus genome was detected in ten (10) serum samples using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). An overall anti-HCV IgM prevalence of 10.14% (28/276), anti- HCV IgG prevalence of 8.69% (24/276) and HBsAg prevalence of 6.15% (17/276) was established. A 0.36% (1/276) HCV/HBV co-infection rate was obtained. Among the inmates, an anti-HCV IgM and IgG prevalence of 10.45% (16/153) and 8.5% (13/153) respectively was obtained with a 9.2% (14/153) HBsAg prevalence. An HBsAg, anti-HCV IgM and anti-HCV IgG prevalence of 2.4% (3/123), 9.75% (12/123) and 8.9% (11/123) respectively was obtained among the psychiatric patients. The highest HCV antibody prevalence was obtained among the female subjects (14.1% for IgM and 8.4% for IgG). No female tested positive for HBsAg. Subjects aged ≥48 years had the highest HCV prevalence (28.9% 13/45 for IgM and 31.1% 14/45 for IgG) while those within age group 28-32 years had the highest HBsAg prevalence (11.7% 7/60). Age was observed to be associated with HCV infection (p=0.00). Viremia was evaluated by amplifying conserved untranslated region of HCV genome and bands of 244bp were observed. There was no statistically significant association between the viral infections and demographics. Presence of tattoo/scarification and alcohol intake were statistically associated with HCV infection while clothes sharing was associated with HBsAg among the inmates. Hepatitis C virus infection was statistically associated with blood transfusion, alcohol intake, presence of tattoo/scarification, sexual experience and shaving equipment sharing among the psychiatric patients while HBsAg was associated with only clothes sharing. This study established the circulation of HBV and HCV among inmates and psychiatric patients in Kaduna State. These individuals should therefore be screened for these viruses for appropriate clinical management and effective prevention.
Thesis Overview
There is high risk of contracting hepatitis B and C among individuals with psychotic disorders due to lifestyle factors and prisoners globally continue to demonstrate a higher prevalence of Hepatitis B and C than the general population. This study was aimed at determining the seroprevalence of HCV and HBV and to detect hepatitis C virus (HCV) among prison inmates and psychiatric patients in Kaduna Metropolis. A total of 276 (153 prison inmates and 123 psychiatric patients) serum samples were tested for anti-HCV and Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) using third generation Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and RDT method respectively. Hepatitis C virus genome was detected in ten (10) serum samples using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). An overall anti-HCV IgM prevalence of 10.14% (28/276), anti- HCV IgG prevalence of 8.69% (24/276) and HBsAg prevalence of 6.15% (17/276) was established. A 0.36% (1/276) HCV/HBV co-infection rate was obtained. Among the inmates, an anti-HCV IgM and IgG prevalence of 10.45% (16/153) and 8.5% (13/153) respectively was obtained with a 9.2% (14/153) HBsAg prevalence. An HBsAg, anti-HCV IgM and anti-HCV IgG prevalence of 2.4% (3/123), 9.75% (12/123) and 8.9% (11/123) respectively was obtained among the psychiatric patients. The highest HCV antibody prevalence was obtained among the female subjects (14.1% for IgM and 8.4% for IgG). No female tested positive for HBsAg. Subjects aged ≥48 years had the highest HCV prevalence (28.9%: 13/45 for IgM and 31.1%: 14/45 for IgG) while those within age group 28-32 years had the highest HBsAg prevalence (11.7%: 7/60). Age was observed to be associated with HCV infection (p=0.00). Viremia was evaluated by amplifying conserved untranslated region of HCV genome and bands of 244bp were observed. There was no statistically significant association between the viral infections and demographics. Presence of tattoo/scarification and alcohol intake were statistically associated with HCV infection while clothes sharing was associated with HBsAg among the inmates. Hepatitis C virus infection was statistically associated with blood transfusion, alcohol intake, presence of tattoo/scarification, sexual experience and shaving equipment sharing among the psychiatric patients while HBsAg was associated with only clothes sharing. This study established the circulation of HBV and HCV among inmates and psychiatric patients in Kaduna State. These individuals should therefore be screened for these viruses for appropriate clinical management and effective prevention.
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