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Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of gram negative bacteria in the urine of university students

 

Table Of Contents


Chapter ONE

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background of Study
1.3 Problem Statement
1.4 Objectives of Study
1.5 Limitations of Study
1.6 Scope of Study
1.7 Significance of Study
1.8 Structure of the Research
1.9 Definition of Terms

Chapter TWO

2.1 Overview of Gram-Negative Bacteria
2.2 Prevalence of Gram-Negative Bacteria in Urinary Tract Infections
2.3 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
2.4 Factors Contributing to Antibiotic Resistance
2.5 Treatment Options for Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
2.6 Impact of Antibiotic Misuse on Antimicrobial Resistance
2.7 Emerging Trends in Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
2.8 Strategies for Combating Antibiotic Resistance
2.9 Role of Healthcare Policies in Controlling Antibiotic Resistance
2.10 Future Research Directions

Chapter THREE

3.1 Research Design and Methodology
3.2 Sampling Techniques
3.3 Data Collection Methods
3.4 Laboratory Procedures for Bacterial Identification
3.5 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Protocols
3.6 Data Analysis Techniques
3.7 Ethical Considerations
3.8 Limitations of the Research Methodology

Chapter FOUR

4.1 Overview of Research Findings
4.2 Prevalence of Gram-Negative Bacteria in Urine Samples
4.3 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Isolated Bacteria
4.4 Comparison of Resistance Profiles among Different Bacterial Species
4.5 Factors Influencing Antimicrobial Resistance
4.6 Discussion on Clinical Implications of Findings
4.7 Recommendations for Antibiotic Therapy
4.8 Future Directions for Research on Gram-Negative Bacteria

Chapter FIVE

5.1 Summary of Research Findings
5.2 Conclusions Drawn from the Study
5.3 Implications of the Research
5.4 Recommendations for Clinical Practice
5.5 Suggestions for Future Research

Thesis Abstract

In order to access the prevalence and sensitivity pattern of urinary pathogens, 60 midstream urine samples from students of Caritas University were investigated using cultural methods. Samples were examined microscopically and cultured in blood agar and Macckonkey agar. Disk diffusion method was used for antibiotic testing. Of the 60 urine samples 48 yielded significant growth with a prevalence rate of 80%. It was observed that females were more infected than the males with a prevalence rate of 56.70% and 43.30% respectively under the ages of 18-25yrs.Escherichia coli was the most predominant. The isolates were very sensitive to Gentamycin, Nitrofurantoin and Ofloxacin which were the (most sensitive) and the most resistant were Tetracycline, Cortrimozol, Cephalexin and Ampicillin. Therefore, Nitrofurantoin, Gentamycin, Ofloxacin were strongly recommended for the treatment of UTI as indicated in the study.

Thesis Overview

INTRODUCTION

Gram negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain their crystal violet dye in the gram staining protocol. They are differentiated by their cell wall structure. The following characteristics are displayed by gram negative bacteria as follows

  • Thin peptidoglycan layer(much thinner than gram positive)
  • Outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide outside the peptidoglycan layer
  • Porin exists in the outer membrane, which acts like pores
  • There is a space between the layer of peptidoglycan and the secondary cell membrane, called the periplasmic space
  • If present, flagella have four (4) supporting rings instead of two
  • No techoic acid or lipopolysaccharide

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