Title Page - - - - - - - - - i 

Declaration - - - - - - - - - ii 

Dedication - - - - - - - - - iii 

Certification - - - - - - - - - iv 

Acknowledgment - - - - - - - - v 

List of Statutes - - - - - - - - vi 

Table of Cases- - - - - - - - - viii 

Abstract - - - - - - - - - xiii 

Table of Contents - - - - - - - - xiv 

Chapter ONE

1.1 Background to the Study - - - - - - 1 

1.2 Statement of the Problem - - - - - - 18 

1.3 Aims of Objective of Research - - - - - 20 

1.4 Scope of Research - - - - - - 22 

1.5 Methodology of Research - - - - - 23 

1.6 Literature Review - - - - - - - 24 

1.7 Limitation of Research - - - - - - 25 

1.8 Organizational Layout - - - - - - 26 

Chapter TWO

2.1 Nature and scope of alternative dispute resolution - - 29 

2.2 Negotiated methods of A.D.R- - - - - 35 

2.3 Facilitated methods of A.D.R - - - - - 36 

2.4 Fact Finding ADR - - - - - - 37 

2.5 Advisory ADR - - - - - - 38 

2.6 Imposed ADR - - - - - - - 38 

2.7 The pros and cons of ADR Processes- - - - 39 

2.8 Types of Dispute Resolution Methods Under International Law - - - - - - 45 

2.9 The Development of ADR Under International Law - - 59

Chapter THREE

3.1 Meaning of Negotiation - - - - - 62 

3.2 Nature and Characteristics - - - - - 64 

3.3 Scope of negotiation - - - - - - 66 

3.4 Type of Negotiation - - - - - - 69 

3.4.1 Distributive/Co-operative Negotiation - - - 70 

3.4.2 Integrative/Competitive Negotiation - - - - 71 

3.5 Reasons for Failure in Negotiation - - - - 79 

3.6 Attributes of a Good Negotiator - - - - 70 

3.7 Processes and Procedure for Negotiation - - - 88 

3.7.1 Preparatory Phase - - - - - - 88 

3.7.2 Information Gathering Phase - - - - - 93 

3.7.3 Substantive Negotiation Phase - - - - 96 

3.7.4 The Agreement Phase - - - - - - 98 

3.8 Enforcement/Applicability - - - - - 104

Chapter FOUR

4.1 Meaning and Scope of Arbitral Agreements - - - 108 

4.2 Requirements and forms of Arbitral Agreements - - 109 

4.3 Content of the Arbitral Agreement - - - 116 

4.3.1 The Reference - - - - - - 116 

4.3.2 The Parties - - - - - - - 124 

4.3.3 The Arbitrators - - - - - - 128 

4.3.4 Place of Arbitration - - - - - 129 

4.3.5 Applicable Law - - - - - - 130 

4.3.6 Arbitration Procedure - - - - - - 132 

4.3.7 Language of Arbitration - - - - - 132 

4.4 Ousting Jurisdiction of Arbitral Tribunal - - - 132 

4.5 Time Limit in Arbitration - - - - - 135 

4.6 Number of arbitrators - - - - - - 136 

4.7 Appointment of Arbitrators - - - - - 139 

4.7.1 Appointment of Sole Arbitrator in Domestic Arbitration - - - - - - 139 

4.7.2 Appointment of Three Arbitrators in Domestic Arbitration - - - - - - 144 

4.7.3 Appointment in International Arbitration - - - 147 

4.8 Qualities of Arbitrator- - - - - - 152 

4.8.1 Qualification and Experience - - - - - 152 

4.8.2 Independence - - - - - - - 155 

4.8.3 Impartiality - - - - - - - 161 

4.9 Challenge and Replacement of Arbitrator - - - 164 

4.10 Termination of Arbitrator’s Mandate - - - - 167 

4.11 Jurisdiction of Arbitral Tribunal - - - - 168 

4.12 The Arbitration Rules - - - - - - 171 

4.13 Place of arbitration - - - - - - 175 

4.13.1 Legal Consideration - - - - - - 176 

4.13.2 Political Consideration - - - - - 176 

4.13.3 Economic Consideration - - - - - 177 

4.13.4 Provision of Facilities - - - - - - 177 

4.13.5 Nationality of the Parties - - - - - 177 

4.14 Law and language of arbitration - - - - 178 

4.15 Pleadings and evidence - - - - - 182 

4.15.1 Points of Claim - - - - - - 184 

4.15.2 Default of Claimant - - - - - - 185 

4.15.3 Points of Defence and Counter Claim - - - 185

 4.15.4 Amendment of Claim or Defence - - - - 186 

4.15.5 Evidence - - - - - - - 187 

4.16 Making of Award and Termination of Proceedings - - 189 

4.16.2 Termination of Proceedings - - - - - 194 

4.17 Recourse against Award - - - - - 196 

4.18 Judicial intervention in arbitration. - - - - 199 

4.19 Enforcement of Awards - - - - - 205 

Chapter FIVE

5.1 Summary - - - - - - - 213 

5.2 Finding - - - - - - - 223 

5.3 Recommendation - - - - - - 232 

Bibliography - - - - - - - 244