Home / Law / INTRODUCTION Dispute resolution is a mechanism of solving a dispute out of court. “Dispute resolution generally refers to one of several different processes used to resolve disputes between parties, including negotiation, mediation, arbitration, collaborative law, and litigation. It is composed of fields such as: mediation, arbitration, negotiation, reconciliation, fact finding, expert determination, private judging. Some fields require expert opinion for instance in determining scientific and or technical matters. Such fields including but not limited to arbitration among others, and as such have expertise. It’s noted that these methods are cheaper and faster to resolve contrary to court processes. Although several initiatives and advocacy efforts have been made to address land-related matters in Nigeria, there are still existing challenges prohibiting amicable resolutions to problems in the land sector. In addressing some of these challenges, the National Land Commission’s management role in public land is noted in the 1999 Constitution. Land matters are indeed a widespread phenomenon, and can occur at any time or place. Both need and greed can equally lead to them, and scarcity and increases in land value can make things worse. Land conflicts especially occur when there is a chance to obtain land for free – no matter if this land is state, common or someone’s private property. Inheritance conflicts and disputes between neighbors are most often about land (and other immobile property). In post-conflict situations or during the early phases of economic transition (e. g. privatization), when regulatory institutions, controls and mechanisms of sanctions are not yet in place, people eagerly grab land if their position allows for it or forfeit land if they are in a weak position. In those countries where land only now and slowly is receiving a material value and increasingly becoming private property (such as all over Africa), people also try to accumulate as much land as possible. During colonial times, dominant European nations tried to occupy all the land outside Europe that seemed useful (fertile or rich in minerals). Today, the powerful are mostly national elites and international (mining) companies. The conflicts though are similar: local people with long-standing de facto rights often held for several generations lose their land to the powerful. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM It is also important to note that Land disputes related to access, use and control of natural resources are common in all parts of Kenya regardless of the tenure system. These land disputes have far reaching negative effects. Their resolutions in the most effective and efficient way is a critical requirement for sustainable land management and hence economic growth as well as enhancing national unity. Land conflicts often have extensive negative effects on economic, social, spatial and ecological development. This is especially true in developing countries and countries in transition, where land market institutions are weak, opportunities for economic gain by illegal action are widespread and many poor people lack access to land. Land conflicts can have disastrous effects on individuals as well as on groups and even entire nations. Many conflicts that are perceived to be clashes between different cultures are actually conflicts over land and related natural resources. Land conflicts occur in many forms. There are conflicts between single parties (as for instance boundary conflicts between neighbours), inheritance conflicts between siblings and disputes over the use of a given piece of land. These conflicts are comparably easy to solve. Those that include several parties though – such as group invasions or evictions of entire settlements – are more difficult to deal with. In many countries, indigenous people have been dispossessed or live at risk of being dispossessed due to either failure to recognize their rights to land or invalidation of those rights by the state, or through expropriation or privatization of their lands by the state (UN-HABITAT/ OHCHR 2005). In countries where part of the population – often indigenous people – have historically been deprived of their land rights, more serious conflicts can arise even decades or generations later. Guatamala provides such a case. In 1879, communal lands were de facto expropriated by a law giving proprietors three months to register land titles, after which the land would be declared abandoned. Most of the “abandoned” land was then allocated to large coffee growers. Although there were attempts at redistribution in the early 1950s, these were stopped and reversed following a military coup in 1954. Since then, struggle over land has continued, leading to violent conflict time and again (Deininger 2003). 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY This researcher is aimed at examining dispute resolution in land matters in Nigeria. The following are the sub objectives of this study: To provide an overview on dispute resolution in land matters in Nigeria. To examine the problems of land reforms in Nigeria. To analyze the solution to the problems of land dispute in Nigeria. 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS Are there issues like land disputes in Nigeria? Are there problems of land reforms in Nigeria? Are there possible solutions to the problems of land disputes in Nigeria? 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The following are the significance of this study: Outcome of this study will educate the general public and students on the issues, problems and solutions of land dispute in Nigeria with a view of identifying the inadequacies. This research will also serve as a resource base to other scholars and researchers interested in carrying out further research in this field subsequently, if applied, it will go to an extent to provide new explanation to the topic. 1.7 SCOPE/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY This study on dispute resolution in land matters in Nigeria will cover all the issues and problems of land issues in Nigeria. It will cover the activities of the regulatory framework and the accessibility of land to Nigerians for use. LIMITATION OF STUDY Financial constraint– Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview). Time constraint– The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work. 1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS Dispute: dispute is an argument or disagreement, especially an official one between, for example, workers and employers or two countries with a common border. Resolution: resolution is defined as an official decision that is made after a group or organization has voted. Dispute resolution: Dispute resolution is the process of resolving disputes between parties. The term dispute resolution may also be used interchangeably with conflict resolution, where conflict styles can be used for different scenarios Land: In economics, land comprises all naturally occurring resources whose supply is inherently fixed. Examples are any and all particular geographical locations, mineral deposits, forests, fish stocks Land matters: Land matters are referring to the legal ownership of each property (landed or high rise property) and restrictions on the land title itself. 1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), statement of problem, objectives of the study, research question, significance or the study, research methodology, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlight the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.

INTRODUCTION Dispute resolution is a mechanism of solving a dispute out of court. “Dispute resolution generally refers to one of several different processes used to resolve disputes between parties, including negotiation, mediation, arbitration, collaborative law, and litigation. It is composed of fields such as: mediation, arbitration, negotiation, reconciliation, fact finding, expert determination, private judging. Some fields require expert opinion for instance in determining scientific and or technical matters. Such fields including but not limited to arbitration among others, and as such have expertise. It’s noted that these methods are cheaper and faster to resolve contrary to court processes. Although several initiatives and advocacy efforts have been made to address land-related matters in Nigeria, there are still existing challenges prohibiting amicable resolutions to problems in the land sector. In addressing some of these challenges, the National Land Commission’s management role in public land is noted in the 1999 Constitution. Land matters are indeed a widespread phenomenon, and can occur at any time or place. Both need and greed can equally lead to them, and scarcity and increases in land value can make things worse. Land conflicts especially occur when there is a chance to obtain land for free – no matter if this land is state, common or someone’s private property. Inheritance conflicts and disputes between neighbors are most often about land (and other immobile property). In post-conflict situations or during the early phases of economic transition (e. g. privatization), when regulatory institutions, controls and mechanisms of sanctions are not yet in place, people eagerly grab land if their position allows for it or forfeit land if they are in a weak position. In those countries where land only now and slowly is receiving a material value and increasingly becoming private property (such as all over Africa), people also try to accumulate as much land as possible. During colonial times, dominant European nations tried to occupy all the land outside Europe that seemed useful (fertile or rich in minerals). Today, the powerful are mostly national elites and international (mining) companies. The conflicts though are similar: local people with long-standing de facto rights often held for several generations lose their land to the powerful. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM It is also important to note that Land disputes related to access, use and control of natural resources are common in all parts of Kenya regardless of the tenure system. These land disputes have far reaching negative effects. Their resolutions in the most effective and efficient way is a critical requirement for sustainable land management and hence economic growth as well as enhancing national unity. Land conflicts often have extensive negative effects on economic, social, spatial and ecological development. This is especially true in developing countries and countries in transition, where land market institutions are weak, opportunities for economic gain by illegal action are widespread and many poor people lack access to land. Land conflicts can have disastrous effects on individuals as well as on groups and even entire nations. Many conflicts that are perceived to be clashes between different cultures are actually conflicts over land and related natural resources. Land conflicts occur in many forms. There are conflicts between single parties (as for instance boundary conflicts between neighbours), inheritance conflicts between siblings and disputes over the use of a given piece of land. These conflicts are comparably easy to solve. Those that include several parties though – such as group invasions or evictions of entire settlements – are more difficult to deal with. In many countries, indigenous people have been dispossessed or live at risk of being dispossessed due to either failure to recognize their rights to land or invalidation of those rights by the state, or through expropriation or privatization of their lands by the state (UN-HABITAT/ OHCHR 2005). In countries where part of the population – often indigenous people – have historically been deprived of their land rights, more serious conflicts can arise even decades or generations later. Guatamala provides such a case. In 1879, communal lands were de facto expropriated by a law giving proprietors three months to register land titles, after which the land would be declared abandoned. Most of the “abandoned” land was then allocated to large coffee growers. Although there were attempts at redistribution in the early 1950s, these were stopped and reversed following a military coup in 1954. Since then, struggle over land has continued, leading to violent conflict time and again (Deininger 2003). 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY This researcher is aimed at examining dispute resolution in land matters in Nigeria. The following are the sub objectives of this study: To provide an overview on dispute resolution in land matters in Nigeria. To examine the problems of land reforms in Nigeria. To analyze the solution to the problems of land dispute in Nigeria. 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS Are there issues like land disputes in Nigeria? Are there problems of land reforms in Nigeria? Are there possible solutions to the problems of land disputes in Nigeria? 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The following are the significance of this study: Outcome of this study will educate the general public and students on the issues, problems and solutions of land dispute in Nigeria with a view of identifying the inadequacies. This research will also serve as a resource base to other scholars and researchers interested in carrying out further research in this field subsequently, if applied, it will go to an extent to provide new explanation to the topic. 1.7 SCOPE/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY This study on dispute resolution in land matters in Nigeria will cover all the issues and problems of land issues in Nigeria. It will cover the activities of the regulatory framework and the accessibility of land to Nigerians for use. LIMITATION OF STUDY Financial constraint– Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview). Time constraint– The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work. 1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS Dispute: dispute is an argument or disagreement, especially an official one between, for example, workers and employers or two countries with a common border. Resolution: resolution is defined as an official decision that is made after a group or organization has voted. Dispute resolution: Dispute resolution is the process of resolving disputes between parties. The term dispute resolution may also be used interchangeably with conflict resolution, where conflict styles can be used for different scenarios Land: In economics, land comprises all naturally occurring resources whose supply is inherently fixed. Examples are any and all particular geographical locations, mineral deposits, forests, fish stocks Land matters: Land matters are referring to the legal ownership of each property (landed or high rise property) and restrictions on the land title itself. 1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), statement of problem, objectives of the study, research question, significance or the study, research methodology, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlight the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.

 

Table Of Contents

<p> </p><p>1.0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;INTRODUCTION &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p>1.1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Background of the study &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p><p>1.2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Statement of the problem &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p>1.3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Objectives of the study &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p><p>1.4 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Research Questions &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p>1.5 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Research Hypothesis &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p>1.6 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Significance of the Study &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p>1.7 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Scope and Limitations of the study &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p><p>1.8 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Organization of the Study &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p><p>Reference</p><p><strong>

Chapter TWO

</strong></p><p>2.0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Literature Review &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p>2.1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Conceptual Clarification &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p><p>2.2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Rational Behind Govt. Plant of Deregulation &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p><p>2.3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; The Relevance of the Deregulation &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p><p>2.4 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Obstacles and Trend of Deregulation of the Downstream </p><p>2.5 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Potential Benefits of Deregulation of the Downstream &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p>2.6 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Effect of Deregulation of the Downstream oil Sector &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p><p>2.7 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; The Impact of Deregulation of the Downstream &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p><p>2.8 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; The Roleand Economic Implication of the Deregulation &nbsp;</p><p>2.9 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Government Strategy for Deregulating the Downstream &nbsp;</p><p>2.10 &nbsp; &nbsp; Success Story of Deregulation in Other Sectors &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p>References</p><p><strong>

Chapter THREE

</strong></p><p>3.0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Research Design and Methodology &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p><p>3.1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Research Design &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p>3.2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Area of Study &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p>3.3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Population of the Study &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p><p>3.4 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Sample and Sampling Techniques &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p><p>3.5 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Instrument for Data Collection &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p>3.6 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Validity of Instrument &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p><p>3.7 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Method of Data Collection &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p>3.8 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Data Analysis &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p><p>3.9 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Expected Result &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p><p>Reference</p><p><strong>

Chapter FOUR

</strong></p><p>4.1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Presentation Analysis of &nbsp;Data &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p>4.2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Testing of Hypothesis &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p>4.3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Discussion of Findings &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p>References</p><p><strong>

Chapter FIVE

</strong></p><p>5.0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Summary and Recommendations and Conclusion &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p><p>5.1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Summary of Findings &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p>5.2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Recommendation &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p><p>5.3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Conclusions &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p>Bibliography</p><p>Appendix &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p> <br><p></p>

Thesis Abstract

<p> This study examined the deregulation of the downstream oil sector in Nigeria as a panacea to economic recovery of the country (An Analysis of 2010-2015 Economic Programme of Nigeria). In this study the researcher has find out some of the problems that are facing the deregulation of the downstream oil sector in Nigeria, these problems are continuous increase in petroleum price, scarcity of petroleum product . all these are the major problems that are facing the deregulation of the downstream oil sector which government have to help solving this problems by making fuel available and controlling the price. Also the researcher has find out some of the objective which will also help in the deregulation of the downstream oil sector which includes , investigating the effect or the deregulation of the downstream oil sector on the living standards of the people, also to examine the pre and unrealistic deregulation era and make critical comprise. And to explore the reason why partial deregulation has not yielded the desired result in terms of prices and supply. Data collection was also used in the research work, data collection is an important aspect of any type of research study. The method of data used for this study was primary and secondary sources. The researcher administered a total of 80 copies questionnaires to both in rural areas, from the data the following finding were apparent that a tremendous impact was made by downstream oil sector in Nigeria oil industries. Finally the findings and conclusion in the research work were also discussed, showing that without proper management, control and investment the revenue generated from deregulation of the downstream oil sector will be embossed by corrupt government officials. If government decide to force down the deregulation policy as currently conceived, it will greatly erode the ability of the people to cope with further price increases on petroleum products. Businesses would be further impaired to operate under a regime of higher energy cost, while ease of doing business indicators remains generally negative in the countr <br></p>

Thesis Overview

<p> </p><p><em><strong>&nbsp;</strong></em><em><strong>INTRODUCTION</strong></em></p><p><em><strong>1.1 Background of the Study</strong></em></p><p><em>Historically, major petroleum marketing companies were the main sources of petroleum product’s supply. The companies transported and distributed the products relying on their distribution and retail outlets. This was an era of Pre- regulation in which Nigerian paid market-determined prices for products. However, this arrangement was not sustainable given that it was dependent on the profit and market imperatives of the oil marketers. &nbsp;The country’s economic activities expanded in the seventies such that private companies could no longer cope with increase demand for products. This resulted in erratic supply of petrol and kerosene and ultimately acute scarcity of the product. The shortage was endemic and created social and economic dislocation in the country. This market failure made government to venture into petroleum products marketing and distribution.</em></p><p><em>The concern by government to overcome this lack of product and total dependency on oil companies led to policy shift towards regulations. Government therefore introduced uniform pricing to satisfy domestic demand, strengthen self-reliance and avoid a situation in which the oil companies could hold the country to ransom. The nation witnessed adequate supply of petroleum products up till 2000. Thereafter, due to the sustained devaluation of the Naira on account of the implementation of the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) coupled with the non-maintenance of the refineries, domestic production was soon undermined making it imperative for demand to be met through imports.</em></p><p><em>The shortages of petroleum products escalated in spite of increases in prices of products since 1999. The </em>Olusegun Obasanjo <em>administration on coming on board decided to gradually withdraw the subsidy on petroleum products to allow the mechanics of market forces to take its full course. This again, resulted to frequency increase in petroleum products prices.</em></p><p><em><strong>1.2 Statement of the Problem</strong></em></p><p><em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Petroleum products supplies have always been problematic for successive Governments in Nigeria. With the new democratic dispensation, the supply and distribution of petroleum products improved but this was without a frequent price increase in petroleum products. With few months to the end of the Obasanjo’s regime, the ugly incidence of petroleum scarcity surfaced again and one begins to wonder if there is any solution to this problem.</em></p><p><em>The contemporary passion and tension that usually characterize petroleum discourse is due to unquantifiable deprivations and sufferings it causes in Nigerians. As the 6th largest producer of petroleum, it is a contradiction that in the past decade, supply of all products has been changeable and on sharp decline. Ironically, as supply declined, products prices have been on the increase as successive governments searched for “appropriate pricing”. The combined impact of unreliable and inadequate supply and unending price increases have brought untold hardship to the citizenry and worse too, prevented economic recovery as promised by the present democratically elected government given that capacity utilization in the manufacturing sector nose-dives due to shortages of industrial products. Indeed many industries have been compelled to close due to non-availability of some of these products.</em></p><p><em>In the bid to solve the problem in many developing countries, structural reform of petroleum markets has become a critical component of macroeconomic liberalization policies. The role of the government in the petroleum sector is being redefined, and markets are being deregulated (i.e state interventions such as special treatments of state-owned oil companies, price controls and monopolies are being broken up). Increasingly, the private sector is participating in more competitive environment. But unexpectedly, the outcome of the deregulation has not been encouraging. There has been continuous increase in petroleum prices with persistent scarcity of petroleum products. It was expected that deregulation would give room for competition which would transform to price reduction and excellent supply and distribution network. This study is devoted on the evaluation of the deregulation exercise; critically appraising its impact on petroleum pricing, consumption and the general living standard of the people.</em></p><p><em><strong>1.3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Objectives of the Study</strong></em></p><p><em>The aim of this study is to appraise partial deregulation exercise that was carried out in the Nigerian downstream oil sector.</em></p><p><em><strong>The specific objectives of this study are as follows:</strong></em></p><p><em>i. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</em><em>To evaluate the pattern of petroleum products pricing in Nigeria;</em></p><p><em>ii. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</em><em>To examine the consumption pattern of petroleum products before and after the partial deregulation;</em></p><p><em>iii. &nbsp; &nbsp;</em><em>To examine the impact of the deregulation of downstream oil sector on petroleum products pricing in Nigeria;</em></p><p><em>iv. &nbsp; &nbsp;</em><em>To investigate the likely effect of the deregulation of the downstream oil sector on the living standard of the people; To examine the pre- and unrealistic deregulation era and make critical comparism; To explore the reasons why partial deregulation has not yielded the desired result in terms of prices and supply.</em></p><p><em><strong>1.4 Research Questions</strong></em></p><p><em>The study would examine the following questions:</em></p><p><em>i. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</em><em>What is the pattern of petroleum products pricing in Nigeria over the years?</em></p><p><em>ii. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</em><em>How has the deregulation exercise impacted on the consumption pattern of petroleum products in Nigeria?</em></p><p><em>iii. &nbsp; &nbsp;</em><em>To what extent has the deregulation efforts of the downstream oil sector impacted on petroleum products pricing in Nigeria? </em></p><p><em>iv. &nbsp; &nbsp;</em><em>How does the regulated downstream sector differ from the deregulated era?</em></p><p><em>v. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</em><em>Do you think that partial deregulation of the downstream oil sector in Nigeria will yield deserve economic recovery?</em></p><p><em><strong>1.5 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Formulation of Hypotheses</strong></em></p><p><em>The following hypotheses were formulated based on the objective of the study:</em></p><p><em>Hi= alternative hypothesis</em></p><p><em>Ho= null hypothesis</em></p><p><em><strong>Hypothesis One</strong></em></p><p><em><strong>Hi:</strong></em><em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; The deregulation exercise has impacted on the consumption pattern of petroleum products in Nigeria.</em></p><p><em><strong>Ho:</strong></em><em>&nbsp;The deregulation exercise has not impacted on the consumption &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; pattern of petroleum products in Nigeria.</em></p><p><em><strong>Hypothesis Two</strong></em></p><p><em><strong>Hi:</strong></em><em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; The deregulation of the downstream oil sector has largely impacted on petroleum products pricing in Nigeria.</em></p><p><em><strong>Ho:</strong></em><em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; The deregulation of the downstream oil sector has not &nbsp;impacted on</em></p><p><em>petroleum products pricing in Nigeria.</em></p><p><em><strong>Hypothesis Three</strong></em></p><p><em><strong>Hi:</strong></em><em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; That the regulated downstream sector differs significantly from the</em></p><p><em>deregulated era.</em></p><p><em><strong>Ho:</strong></em><em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; That the regulated downstream sector does not differ &nbsp;significantly</em></p><p><em>from the deregulated era.</em></p><p><em><strong>Hypothesis Four</strong></em></p><p><em><strong>Hi:</strong></em><em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; That the partial deregulation of the downstream oil &nbsp;sector in Nigeria has yield deserve economic recovery of the country.</em></p><p><em><strong>Ho:</strong></em><em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; That the partial deregulation of the downstream oil sector in Nigeria has not yield deserve economic recovery of the country.</em></p><p><em><strong>Hypothesis Five</strong></em></p><p><em><strong>Hi:</strong></em><em>&nbsp; Partial deregulation of the downstream oil sector in Nigeria will</em></p><p><em>yield more deserve economic recovery.</em></p><p><em><strong>&nbsp;HO:</strong></em><em>&nbsp;partial deregulation of the downstream oil sector in Nigeria will</em></p><p><em>yield less deserve economic recovery.</em></p><p><em><strong>1.6 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Significance of the Study</strong></em></p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; This study shall be found useful by all citizens of the country as well as policy makers and individuals affected by the scourge of <em>deregulation</em>. It shall also be found valuable by ideologists and Governmental agencies as well as NGO’s saddled with the responsibility of national citizens’ orientations, ethnic nationalities, and scholars with interest in similar areas of study will equally find this report very useful. The study will also serve as a point of reference to students in higher institutions and as a point of reference for further studies.</p><p><em><strong>1.8 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Organization of the Study</strong></em></p><p><em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; This study shall contain five chapters. The first chapter shall contain the background of the study, the statement of the research problem, the objectives of the study, the research questions etc that would guide the study. Chapter two would present the literature review on the subject matter. The methodology to be adopted in the study would be stated in chapter three. Chapter four shall focus on the presentation and analysis of collected data. The last chapter – chapter five, would present the summary of the findings, conclusion and appropriate recommendations.</em></p> <br><p></p>

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