Table of Contents:**

**

Chapter 1

: Introduction**
1.1 Background and Context
1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Research Methodology
1.6 Organization of the Thesis

**

Chapter 2

: Healthcare Financing Models**
2.1 Overview of Healthcare Financing
2.2 Single-Payer Systems
2.3 Multi-Payer Systems
2.4 Out-of-Pocket Payment Systems
2.5 Social Health Insurance
2.6 Private Health Insurance
2.7 Conclusion and Summary

**

Chapter 3

: Government Intervention in Healthcare**
3.1 Regulatory Frameworks
3.2 Public Health Investments
3.3 Subsidies and Tax Incentives
3.4 Price Controls and Cost Containment Measures
3.5 Role of Government in Health Promotion
3.6 Public-Private Partnerships
3.7 Conclusion and Summary

**

Chapter 4

: Market Forces and Healthcare Provision**
4.1 Supply and Demand Dynamics
4.2 Healthcare Market Competition
4.3 Provider Payment Mechanisms
4.4 Technological Innovation and Healthcare Costs
4.5 Healthcare Workforce Economics
4.6 Pharmaceutical Pricing and Access
4.7 Conclusion and Summary

**

Chapter 5

: Addressing Challenges in Healthcare Economics**
5.1 Rising Healthcare Costs
5.2 Healthcare Disparities
5.3 Aging Population and Long-Term Care
5.4 Access to Essential Medicines
5.5 Healthcare Infrastructure Investment
5.6 Health Equity and Social Determinants
5.7 Conclusion and Summary