Title page – – – – – – – – – i Certification – – – – – – – – – ii Dedication – – – – – – – – – iii Acknoweldgement – – – – – – – – iv Table of contents – – – – – – – – v List of tables – – – – – – – – – vii Abstract – – – – – – – – – viii

Chapter ONE

: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study – – – – – – – 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem – – – – – – – 6 1.3 Objectives of the Study – – – – – – – 8 1.4 Significance of the Study – – – – – – – 8 1.5 Scope of the Study – – – – – – – 9 1.6 Literature Review – – – – – – – – 9 1.7 Theoretical Framework – – – – – – – 38 1.8 Hypotheses – – – – – – – – 39 1.9 Methods of Data Collection and Analysis – – – – – 39

Chapter TWO

: RISE OF MODERN TERRORISM IN NIGERIA 2.1 Terrorism in Modern Nigeria – – – – – – 45 2.2 Causes of Terrorism – – – – – – – 50 2.3 Tactics of Terrorism – – – – – – – 61 2.4 Chronicle of Bombings in Nigeria – – – – – 67 2.5 Costs of Terrorism in Nigeria – – – – – – 73

Chapter THREE

: JUSTIFICATIONS FOR TERRORISM IN NIGERIA 3.1 Doctrine of Necessity justification – – – – – 83 3.2 Political Justifications – – – – – – – 85 3.3 Hackers Criminals, crazies and crusaders justification – – – 88 3.4 The social conditions justification – – – – – 90 3.5 Youth, Religions, and Ideology in the Terrorist make-up. – – 93 3.6 The means to-an-end justification – – – – – 104 3.7 Instruments of counter-terrorism – – – – – – 106

Chapter FOUR

: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 4.1 Test of Hypothesis I – – – – – – – 116 4.2 Test of hypothesis II – – – – – – – 124 4.3 Critical analysis of the socio/political roots of terrorist bombing in Nigeria. 139 4.4 Findings – – – – – – – – – 156

Chapter FIVE

: SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Summary – – – – – – – – – 158 5.2 Conclusion – – – – – – – – 161 5.3 Recommendations – – – – – – – 162 Bibliography – – – – – – – – – 167 – 180