<p> </p><p>Title Page &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; i &nbsp;<br>Declaration &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ii &nbsp;<br>Certification &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; iii<br>Dedication &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; iv<br>Acknowledgement &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; v<br>Table of Contents &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; vii<br>List of Figures &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; x<br>List of Tables &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; xi<br>List of Plates &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; xiv<br>Abbreviations and Symbols &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; xv<br>Abstract &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; xvi<br>&nbsp;<br><b>

Chapter ONE

: INTRODUCTION</b><br>11 Background Information &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<br>12 &nbsp; Water Quality modelling &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 3<br>13 &nbsp; Description of Study Location &nbsp; &nbsp; 5<br>14 &nbsp; Statement of The Problem &nbsp; &nbsp; 6<br>15 &nbsp; Aim &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 6<br>16 &nbsp; Objectives &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 6<br>17 &nbsp; Significance of Study &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 6<br>18 &nbsp; Scope of Study &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 7<br>&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;

Chapter TWO

: LITERATURE REVIEW<br>21 Water Quality Modelling as a Field of Study &nbsp; 8<br>22 &nbsp; Coefficient of Re-aeration, k2 &nbsp; &nbsp; 9<br>223 The Indian k2 Model &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 13<br>224 The Chilean k2 Model &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 14<br>225 The Nigerian k2 Model &nbsp; &nbsp; 15<br>23 &nbsp; Water Laws and Standards &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 15<br>24 &nbsp; Statistical Analysis &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 17<br>241 Some Relevant Statistical Operations &nbsp; 17<br>242 Statistical Software &nbsp; &nbsp; 19<br>243 Model Calibration and Validation in Water Quality<br>Data &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 20<br>2431 &nbsp; &nbsp; Sum of Squares Due to Error 21<br>2432 &nbsp; &nbsp; R-Square &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 21<br>2433 &nbsp; &nbsp; Degrees of Freedom Adjusted R-Square 22<br>2434 &nbsp; &nbsp; Root Mean Squared Error &nbsp; 22<br>&nbsp;<br><b>

Chapter THREE

: METHODOLOGY &nbsp;</b><br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 31 &nbsp; Selection of the Study Area &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 24<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 32 &nbsp; Determination of Sampling Stations &nbsp; &nbsp; 27<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 33 &nbsp; Field Activities &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 49<br>&nbsp; 331 Field Observations &nbsp; &nbsp; 31<br>&nbsp; 332 Field Sampling Visits &nbsp; &nbsp; 31<br>&nbsp; 3321 &nbsp; &nbsp; Rationale for Gathering Data Once Every Month 32<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; 3322 &nbsp; &nbsp; Activities During the Field Exercises 33<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 34 &nbsp; &nbsp; Materials &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 34<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 3</p><p>5 &nbsp; &nbsp; Laboratory Analysis &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 36<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 36 &nbsp; &nbsp; Data Analysis &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 37<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 361 &nbsp; Time of Travel &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 38<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 362 &nbsp; Re-aeration Coefficient Model &nbsp; &nbsp; 39<br>&nbsp;<br><b>

Chapter FOUR

: DATA PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION</b><br>&nbsp; 41 Data Gathering &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 40<br>&nbsp; 411 &nbsp; Hydraulic Data &nbsp; &nbsp; 41<br>&nbsp; 412 &nbsp; Physico-Chemical Data &nbsp; &nbsp; 50<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; 413 Monthly Variations in DO, Temperature, Stream Depth &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 57<br>&nbsp; 42 Computation of Measured k2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 63<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 43 Re-arrangement of Sampling Stations &nbsp; 67<br>431 Time of Travel &nbsp; &nbsp; 68<br>432 Hydraulic Radius &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 80<br>433 Ultimate BOD and De-oxygenation Rate &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 80<br>434 Saturation DO and the Upstream and Downstream DO deficits 80<br>&nbsp;435 Determination of k2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 80<br>436 Model Parameters &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 80<br>437 The Model &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 83<br>438 Comparison with other Selected Models &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 83<br>44 Water Use Practices &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 103<br>&nbsp;45 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Pollutants and Public Health Implications &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 106<br>&nbsp;<br><b>

Chapter FIVE

: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION</b><br>51 Conclusion &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 110<br>52 Contribution to Knowledge &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 111<br>53 Recommendations &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 111<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<br><b>REFERENCES &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 113<br>&nbsp;<br>APPENDICES &nbsp;</b><br>Appendix 1: Matlab Code for Beta &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 121<br>Appendix 2: Matlab Model Output &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 128<br>Appendix 3: Matlab Code and Output for Plot of all Models &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 132<br>Appendix 4: Mix Calculations &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 140<br>Appendix 5: Laboratory Reports &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 147 &nbsp;<br>Appendix 6: Procedure for data Analysis &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 160</p><p><b><br>LIST OF FIGURES &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; PAGE</b><br>Figure 11 – Nigerian Household distribution by source of water supply 2<br>Figure 12 – Nigerian Household distribution by Toilet Facilities &nbsp; 3<br>Figure 13 â“ General Layout of the Study area &nbsp; &nbsp; 5<br>Figure 31â“ Field Sampling Stations &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 28<br>Figure 32 â“ Linear representation of Sampling Points &nbsp; 29<br>Figure 33 – Sampling Cross-section &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 33<br>Figure 41 â“ An 8-month mean stream velocity record &nbsp; 59<br>Figure 42 â“ An 8-month mean ambient temperature record &nbsp; 60<br>Figure 43 â“ An 8-month mean water temperature record &nbsp; 61<br>Figure 44 â“ An 8-month mean stream depth record &nbsp; &nbsp; 61<br>Figure 45 â“ DO Fluctuations over an 8-month period &nbsp; 62<br>Figure 46 – Flowchart showing the progression of the statistical analysis &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 86<br>Figure 47 â“ Plot of 11 models using January data &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 93<br>Figure 48 â“ Plot of measured k2 against computed k2 using January data &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 94<br>Figure 49 â“ Plot of 11 models using March data &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 96<br>Figure 410 – Plot of measured k2 against computed k2 using March data &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 97<br>Figure 411 â“ Plot of 11 models using July data &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 99<br>Figure 412 – Plot of measured k2 against computed k2 using July data &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 100<br><b><br>LIST OF TABLES &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; PAGE</b><br>&nbsp;<br>Table 21 â“ The self-purification factor, f, of different water bodies at 20oC 9<br>Table 22 â“ Solubility of Oxygen in water &nbsp; &nbsp; 10<br>Table 31 – Details of Sampling Stations &nbsp; &nbsp; 30<br>Table 32 â“ Parameters Measured with Relevance to study &nbsp; 32<br>Table 33 â“ Parameters, equipment and Processes of parameter determination<br>Schedule for field work &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 34<br>Table 41 – Sampling dates and conditions &nbsp; &nbsp; 40<br>Table 42a â“ Hydraulic Data for January &nbsp; &nbsp; 42<br>Table 42b â“ Hydraulic Data for February &nbsp; &nbsp; 43<br>Table 42c â“ Hydraulic Data for March &nbsp; &nbsp; 44<br>Table 42d â“ Hydraulic Data for April &nbsp; &nbsp; 45<br>Table 42e â“ Hydraulic Data for May &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 46<br>Table 42f â“ Hydraulic Data for July &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 47<br>Table 42g â“ Hydraulic Data for August &nbsp; &nbsp; 48<br>Table 42h â“ Hydraulic Data for September &nbsp; &nbsp; 49<br>Table 43a â“ Physico-Chemical Parameters for January &nbsp; 50<br>Table 43b â“ Physico-Chemical Parameters for February &nbsp; 51<br>Table 43c â“ Physico-Chemical Parameters for March &nbsp; &nbsp; 52<br>Table 43d â“ Physico-Chemical Parameters for April &nbsp; &nbsp; 53<br>Table 43e â“ Physico-Chemical Parameters for May &nbsp; &nbsp; 54<br>Table 43f â“ Physico-Chemical Parameters for July &nbsp; &nbsp; 55<br>Table 43g â“ Physico-Chemical Parameters for August &nbsp; 56<br>Table 43hâ“ Physico-Chemical Parameters for September &nbsp; 57<br>Table 44 â“ Mean Monthly Ambient and Water Temperatures &nbsp; 60<br>Table 45 â“ Determination of Reaches for the River &nbsp; &nbsp; 64<br>Table 46 – Dilution Effects for January &nbsp; &nbsp; 65<br>Table 47 – Dilution Effects for February &nbsp; &nbsp; 65<br>Table 48 – Dilution Effects for March &nbsp; &nbsp; 65<br>Table 49 – Dilution Effects for July &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 66<br>Table 410 – Dilution Effects for August &nbsp; &nbsp; 66<br>Table 411 – Dilution Effects for September &nbsp; &nbsp; 66<br>Table 412 â“ Re-arrangement of station numbers &nbsp; &nbsp; 67<br>Table 413 â“ Computation of time of travel on Programmed Excel Spreadsheet for January &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 68<br>Table 414 â“ Computation of time of travel on Programmed Excel Spreadsheet for<br>February &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 69<br>Table 415 â“ Computation of time of travel on Programmed Excel Spreadsheet for<br>March &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 70<br>Table 416 â“ Computation of time of travel on Programmed Excel Spreadsheet for<br>July &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 71<br>Table 417 â“ Computation of time of travel on Programmed Excel Spreadsheet for<br>August &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 72<br>Table 418 â“ Computation of time of travel on Programmed Excel Spreadsheet for<br>September &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 73<br>Table 419 â“ Computation of k1 and k2 on Programmed Excel Spreadsheet for JanuaryTable 420 â“ Computation of k1 and k2 on Programmed Excel Spreadsheet for<br>February &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 75<br>Table 421 â“ Computation of k1 and k2 on Programmed Excel Spreadsheet for March<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 76<br>Table 422â“ Computation of k1 and k2 on Programmed Excel Spreadsheet for July<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 77<br>Table 423 â“ Computation of k1 and k2 on Programmed Excel Spreadsheet for August<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 78<br>Table 424 â“ Computation of k1 and k2 on Programmed Excel Spreadsheet for<br>September &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 79<br>Table 425â“ Model fit and goodness of fit Summary for Dry Season &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 81<br>Table 426â“ Model fit and goodness of fit Summary for Rainy Season &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 82<br>Table 427 â“ Selected Models for Model Validation (Test of performance) &nbsp; 84<br>Table 428â“ Goodness of fit using January Data &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 91<br>Table 429- Goodness of fit using March Data &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 91<br>Table 430- Goodness of fit using July Data &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 92<br>Table 431: Graphical Goodness of fit using January, March and July Data 102<br>Table 432 â“ Order of Composite Goodness of Fit &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 103<br>Table 433 â“ Comprehensive River water and Industrial Effluent Analysis &nbsp; 107<br>LIST OF PLATES &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; PAGE<br>Plate 31 â“ The industrial effluent flowing along the road down towards the river 25<br>Plate 32 â“ the effluent accumulates (left) from where it seeps into the river body 25<br>Plate 33 â“ Effluent accumulation beside the river body &nbsp; 26<br>Plate 34 â“ Villagers of Iju tapping the river water for domestic use &nbsp; 26<br>Plate 35 â“ Sewage being taken near the river for disposal &nbsp; 27<br>Plate 36 â“ Field pH meter &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 35<br>Plate 37 â“ Eurolab digital thermometer with sensitive probe &nbsp; 35<br>Plate 38 – Geopacks Stream flow sensor with its pole and fan-like impeller 36<br>Plate 39 – Measuring the river width with a tape &nbsp; &nbsp; 36<br>Plate 310 â“ the Speedtech Portable Depth Sounder (yellow torchlight shaped<br>instrument) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 57<br>Plate 41 â“ Sampling Station 10 in Rainy season (August) &nbsp; 58<br>Plate 42 â“ Sampling Location 10 in Dry season (March) &nbsp; 58<br>Plate 43 â“ Human skeleton found in the River &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 104<br>Plate 44 â“ Pollution along the river channel &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 104<br>Plate 45 â“ The research team could not proceed because of blockage of the river 105<br>Plate 46 â“ Water intake station for Ogun State Water Corporation &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 105<br>Plate 47 â“ Man swimming after the dayâs work &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 106</p><p><b>ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS</b><br>1 DO â“ Dissolved Oxygen<br>2 BOD – Biochemical Oxygen Demand<br>3 QUAL â“ Stream Water Quality models<br>4 CORMIX â“ Cornell Mixing Zone Expert<br>5 WASP â“ Watershed Quality Analysis Simulation Programme<br>6 FEPA â“ Federal Environmental Protection Agency<br>7 USEPA â“ United States Environmental Protection Agency<br>8 USGS â“ United States Geological Society<br>9 UNESCO â“ United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization<br>10 DV â“ Dependent Variable<br>11 IV â“ Independent Variable<br>12 ANOVA â“ Analysis of Variance<br>13 SSE â“ Error Sum of Squares<br>14 SSR â“ Residual sum of squares<br>15 SST â“ Total sum of squares<br>16 R2 â“ correlation coefficient<br>17 Adj R2â“ Adjusted Correlation coefficient<br>18 RMSE â“ Root mean square error<br>19 APHA – American Public Health Association<br>20 SPSS â“ Statistical Package for Social Sciences<br>21 MATLAB â“ Matrix Laboratory software<br>22 GPS â“ Global Positioning System<br>23 k2 â“ re-aeration coefficient<br>24 k1 â“ de-oxygenation coefficient<br>25 f â“ self purification factor<br>26 2 ^Ï – estimated variance<br>27 mg/l â“ milligram per litre</p> <br><p></p>