TABLE OF CONTENTS 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................... ii 

LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................v 

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................ vi

 ABSTRACT......................................................................................................... viii 

Chapter 1

1.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 1 

1.2 Research Objectives and Analysis Approach ................................................ 3 

1.3 Reader’s Guide................................................................................................ 6

Chapter TWO

ELEVATED FORMWORK FAILURE DURING CONSTRUCTION..........................7

2.1 Definition of Elevated Formwork............................................................... 7 

2.2 Criteria of Formwork ....................................................................................... 8 

2.2.1 Design Regulations...................................................................................... 8 

2.2.2 Construction and Safety Regulations......................................................... 10 

2.2.3 Sequences of Concrete Placement ............................................................ 11 

2.3 Case Study: Formwork Failures during Concrete Construction..................... 13 

2.3.1 Formwork Failures in South Korea............................................................ 13 

2.3.2 Main Causes of Formwork Failures............................................................ 14

Chapter THREE

3 INVESTIGATION ON ELEVATED FORMWORK DURING CONSTRUCTION...17

 3.1 Analysis of Low-clearance Elevated Formwork............................................ 17 

3.1.1 Overview of Field Survey .......................................................................... 17 

3.1.2 Field Investigation....................................................................................... 20 

3.1.2.1 Present status for construction ...............................................................20 

3.1.2.2 Sequence of placing fresh concrete........................................................22 

3.1.3 Summary .................................................................................................... 23 

3.2 Analysis of High-clearance Elevated Formwork............................................ 24 

3.2.1 Overview of an Interview.............................................................................. 24

 3.2.2 Questionnaire Survey................................................................................. 25 

3.2.2.1 Present status for construction ................................................................25 

3.2.2.2 Sequence of placing fresh concrete.........................................................29 

3.2.3 Overview of Field Survey ........................................................................... 31 

3.2.4 Field Investigation....................................................................................... 33 

3.2.4.1 Present status for construction ................................................................33 

3.2.4.2 Sequence of placing fresh concrete.........................................................37 

3.2.5 Summary .................................................................................................... 38 

Chapter FOUR

4.0 IMPORTANCE OF THE SEQUENCE OF CONCRETE PLACEMENT..........39 

4.1 Problem Analysis......................................................................................... 39 

4.2 Simplified Structural Analysis......................................................................... 41 

4.3 Proposed Improvements for Construction .................................................... 45 

4.4 Summary........................................................................................................ 45 

Chapter FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..........................................48 

5.1 Conclusions................................................................................................... 48

 5.2 Recommendations........................................................................................ 49 

APPENDIX A MEASURED DATA FOR THE SPACING OF SHORES ..............................................................................................................................50 

B MEASURED DATA FOR THE INCLINATION OF SHORES..............................72 

LIST OF REFERENCES......................................................................................74 

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ..................................................................................76