TABLE OF CONTENTS 

TITLE PAGE.....................................................................................................................................i

 CERTIFICATION............................................................................................................................. ii 

APPROVAL PAGE ...........................................................................................................................iii 

DEDICATION.................................................................................................................................... iv 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................................. v 

TABLE OF CONTENTS.....................................................................................................................vi 

LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................................................vii 

ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................................x 

Chapter ONE

: INTRODUCTION Background of the Study………….....………………………… 1 

Statement of the Problem………………………………………….....................……………………13 

Purpose of the Study………………………………………………………………......................…...14 

Significance of the Study………………………………………………………….......................……14 

Scope of the Study………………………………………………………………….......................…..16 

Research Questions…………………………………………………………………........................….16 

Hypotheses…………………………………………………………………………..........................…..17 

Chapter TWO

: LITERATURE REVIEW Conceptual Framework…………………………… ....18 

Importance of Science (Biology) Teaching in School …………………………….....................…....18 

Academic Achievements in Biology and its Impediments.........................................................…...19 

Factors Influencing Students’ Achievement...….............................................................................. 21 

Resources in the Teaching/Learning Process……….……………………………….....................… 22 

Factors that Affects the Use of Instructional Materials……………………………….....................…23 

Improvisation ………………………………………………………………………….............................24 

Improvisation in Science, its Concept, Significant and Problem………………..……....................... 31 

Factors to be Considered in Planning Improvisation……………………………….....................…...37

Preserving Improvised Instructional Materials……………………………………….......................….42 

Theoretical Framework………………………………………………………………...............................43 

Brunner’s Theory of Cognitive Development…………………………………….….......................….43 

Piaget’s Cognitive Theory of Learning…………………………………………….….......................…46 

Review of Empirical Studies….……………………………………………………............................….48 

Studies on Effects of Improvised Instructional Materials on Students’ Achievement…...................39 

Studies on Effects of Gender and Location on Students’ Achievement…………….….....................43 

Summary of Literature Review……………………………………………………............................….55 

Chapter THREE

: RESEARCH METHOD Design of the Study…………………………………….57

 Area of the Study………………………………………………………………………..........................57 

Population………………………………………………………………………………...........................58 

Sample and Sampling Techniques………………………………………………….............................58 

Instrument for Data Collection……………………………………………………….........................…58 

Validation of the Instrument……………………………………………………………..........................59 

Reliability of the Instrument…………………………………………………………...........................…59 

Experimental Procedure…..............................................................................................................59 

Control of Extraneous of Extraneous Variables……………………………………….....................…60 

Method of Data Collection…………………………………………………………..........................…. 61 

Method of Data Analysis…………………………………………………………….....................… 61 

Chapter FOUR

: RESULTS Summary of Findings 

Chapter FIVE

: DISCUSSION OF RESULTS, IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATION 

Discussion 

Conclusion 

Educational Implications of the Study 

Recommendations 

Limitations of the Study 

Suggestions for Further Study 

Summary of the Study 

REFERENCES 124