TABLE OF CONTENTS Title................................................................................................................................ i 

Declaration.................................................................................................................... ii 

Dedication.................................................................................................................... iii 

Abstract........................................................................................................................ iv 

Acknowledgements........................................................................................................v 

Table of contents.......................................................................................................... vi 

List of Tables ............................................................................................................... ix 

List of Figures.............................................................................................................. xi 

Acronyms and Abbreviations ..................................................................................... xii 

 

Chapter ONE

:INTRODUCTION...............................................................1 

1.1 Background of the study......................................................................................1 

1.2 Statement of the problem ....................................................................................7 

1.3 Purpose of the study ............................................................................................7 

1.4 Objectives of the study........................................................................................8 

1.5 Research questions ..............................................................................................8 

1.6 Significance of the study .....................................................................................9 

1.7 Limitations of the study.......................................................................................9 

1.8 Delimitations of the study ...................................................................................9 

1.9 Research assumptions........................................................................................10 

1.10 Definition of operational terms .........................................................................10 

 

Chapter TWO

:LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................11 

2.0 Introduction.......................................................................................................11 

2.1 An overview of pupils’ performance.................................................................11 

2.2 Effect of teaching and learning resources on KCPE performance ....................12 

2.3 Effects of social factors on pupils performance.................................................14 

2.4 Effects of cultural factors on pupils performance..............................................17 

2.5 Theoretical framework.......................................................................................19 

2.6 Conceptual framework.......................................................................................21 

2.7 Summary of literature review ...........................................................................22 

Chapter THREE

: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..............................23 

3.0 Introduction........................................................................................................23 

3.1 Study design ......................................................................................................23 

3.2 Target population ..............................................................................................23 

3.3 Sample size and sampling procedure ................................................................24 

 3.4.1 Questionnaires..........................................................................................25 

 3.4.2 Document analysis...................................................................................26 

3.5 Pilot study .........................................................................................................26 

3.5.1 Instrument reliability...........................................................................................27 

3.5.2 Instrument validity..............................................................................................28 

3.6 Data collection procedure..................................................................................28 

3.7 Data analysis technique.....................................................................................28 

3.8 Ethical consideration .........................................................................................29 

 

Chapter FOUR

:DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION, PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION......................................................................................................30 

4.0 Introduction.......................................................................................................30 

4.1 Questionnaire return rate...................................................................................30 

4.2 Demographic information .................................................................................31 

4.3 Effects of teaching and learning resources on performance in K.C.P.E. ..........36

 4.5 Effects of social factors on pupils’ KCPE performance....................................44 

4.6 Strategies for improving performance in K.C.P.E. ...........................................49 

 

Chapter FIVE

: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.........................................................................................52 

5.1 Summary of the study........................................................................................52 

5.2 Summary of the major findings.........................................................................52 

5.3 Conclusion.........................................................................................................54 

5.4 Recommendations .............................................................................................55 

5.5 Suggestions for further study ............................................................................56

REFERENCES...........................................................................................................57

 APPENDICES............................................................................................................60 

Appendix A:Head Teacher’s Questionnaire ................................................................60

 Appendix B:Teacher’s Questionnaire..........................................................................63 

Appendix C: Pupils Questionnaire...............................................................................67 

Appendix D:Sampled Schools in Emgwen Division...................................................70 

Appendix E. Research authorization............................................................................71 

Appendix F:Research permit .......................................................................................72