TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Title page --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i

 Declaration -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ii 

Dedication------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii 

Certification ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv 

Acknowledgements -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------v 

Abstract -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vii 

Table of contents -=-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------viii 

List of tables -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xii 

List of figures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ xiv 

List of Appendices------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xv 

Abbreviations ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ xvi 

Operational Definition of terms ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xvii 

Chapter ONE

1.1 Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 

1.1.1 Theoretical Frame work ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 

1.2 Statement of the Problem ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 

1.3 Objectives of the Study -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12 

1.4 Research Questions -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13 

1.5 Null Hypotheses --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 

1.6 Significance of the Study ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 

1.7 Scope of the Study -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14 

1.8 Basic Assumptions ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 

Chapter TWO

2.0 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE-------------------------------------------------------------------------15 

2.1 Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15

 2.2 Nature of Biology as Science Subject at Senior Secondary School Level --------------------------15 

2.2.1 Teaching Ecology Concepts at Senior Secondary Level-----------------------------------------------17 

2.2.2 Students Academic Achievement in Biology --------------------------------------------------------------19 

2.3 Science Teaching Methods/Strategies ------------------------------------------------------------------------20 

2.3.1 Field Trip Teaching Strategy -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------27 

2.4 Retention Ability in Science ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 

2.5 School Location and Academic Achievement in Science.------------------------------------------------37 

2.6 Overview of Similar Studies ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40 

2.7 Implication of the Literature Reviewed on the Present Study------------------------------------------48 

Chapter THREE

 3.0 METHODOLOGY--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------50

3.1 Introduction -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------50 

3.2 Research Design--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50 

3.3 Population of the Study, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 51

3.4 Sample and Sampling Procedure ------------------------------------------------------------------------------52 

3.5 Instrumentation,----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53 

3.6. Validation of the Instruments ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55

 3.7 Pilot Testing ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55 

3.8 Reliability of the Instruments, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 

3.9 Treatment Administration,--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------56 

3.10 Procedure of Data Collection---------------------------------------------------------------------------------62 

3.11 Data Analysis -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------62 

Chapter FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION, RESULT ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION-----------------------------------------62

4.1 Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65

 4.2 Analysis and Result Presentation---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65 

4.3 Summary of Findings ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------70 

4.4 Discussion of the Results ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------71 

Chapter FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ..................................................................74

5.1 Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------74 

5.2 Summary----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7

 5.3 Conclusion --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 75 

5.4 Recommendations --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------77 

5.7 Suggestions for Further Studies --------------------------------------------------------------------------------78 

REFERENCES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 79