Cover page – – – – – – – – – i Title page – – – – – – – – – ii Declaration – – – – – – – – – iii Certification – – – – – – – – – iv Dedication – – – – – – – – – v Acknowledgement – – – – – – – – vi Abstract – – – – – – – – – – vii Table of Contents – – – – – – – – viii List of Figures – – – – – – – – – xii List of Plates – – – – – – – – – xiii Map of Nigeria – – – – – – – – – xvi Map of Plateau State – – – – – – – – xvii Map of Mangu Local Government Area – – – – – xviii

Chapter ONE

: INTRODUCTION – – – – – – 1 Background of the Study – – – – – – – 4 Statement of the Problem – – – – – – – 8 Aim and Objectives of the Study – – – – – – 9 Research Questions – – – – – – – – 9 Justification of the Study – – – – – – – 9 Significance of the Study – – – – – – – 9 Scope and Delimitation of the Study – – – – – – 10 Theoretical Framework – – – – – – – – 10 Definition of Terms – – – – – – – – 13
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Chapter TWO

: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE – – – 16 Introduction – – – – – – – – – 16 Etymological Definition of Costumes – – – – – – 17 History of Costumes – – – – – – – – 19 African Costumes – – – – – – – – 20 Bwami Initiation costumes of Congo – – – – – – 22 Costume of Fulani Men in Southern Niger – – – – – 24 Kuosi mask Costumes of Cameroon – – – – – – 25 Zulu Indlamu Costumes of South Africa – – – – – 28 Festival Costumes of Nigeria – – – – – – – 32 Ikeji Arondizuogu Festival Costumes – – – – – – 35 Yoruba Egungun (Masquerade) Costumes – – – – – 37 Malaki Festival Costumes of Kanuri Borno – – – – – 31 Durber Festival Costumes – – – – – – – 42 Ekpe Festival Costumes of Ibibio – – – – – – 46 Costumes of Igue Festival of Benin – – – – – – 50 Festival Costumes of Plateau State – – – – – – 52 Brief Review of Nzem Berom Festival Costumes – – – – 54 Significance of Festival Costumes – – – – – – 56 Deduction from the Review of Related Literature – – – – 57

Chapter THREE

: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE – 58 Introduction – – – – – – – – – 58 Research Design – – – – – – – – 58 Descriptive method – – – – – – – – 59 Source of Data – – – – – – – – – 59 Internet and Library – – – – – – – – 60 Research Population – – – – – – – – 60 Sample Techniques – – – – – – – – 60 Pilot Study – – – – – – – – – 61
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Field Work – – – – – – – – – 61 Research Instrument and Tools – – – – – – – 61 Oral Interview – – – – – – – – – 62 Observation – – – – – – – – – 62 Photograph and video – – – – – – – – 62 Method of Data Analysis – – – – – – – 63 Concept of Categorisation – – – – – – – 63

Chapter FOUR

: DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION – – – 64 Introduction – – – – – – – – – 64 Mwaghavul festival Costume – – – – – – – 64 Categorisation of Mwaghavul Costume – – – – – 66 Gender: Vellang (Men Dance) Costume – – – – – 68 Categories of Vellang Men Costume – – – – – – 72 Traditional Festival Costume – – – – – – – 83 Artistic components of Vellang Costume – – – – – 83 Importance of Vellang Costume – – – – – – 84 Cher (Women) Costume – – – – – – – 85 Kook Mat Kaah (Old Women) Costume – – – – – 88 Old Costume of Jirap Cher Maiden group – – – – – 92 Categories of Cher Festival Costume – – – – – – 94 Artistic component of Cher Women Costume – – – – – 99 Function of Cher Women Costume – – – – – – 99 Jirap War Shar (friendly Mainden) Costume – – – – – 100 Artistic component of Jirap War Shar Costume – – – – 102 Function of War Shar group Costume – – – – – – 102 Mbel (Youth group) Costume – – – – – – – 103 Function of Mbel Festival Costume – – – – – – 106 Artistic component of the Mbel Youth Costume – – – – 107 Kwat (Hunting) Festival Costume – – – – – – 107
xii Artistic component of Kwat (Hunting) Costume – – – – 115 Function of Kwat (Hunting) Costumes – – – – – – 116 Wangkang (Masquerade) Costumes – – – – – – 117 Sedireep (Ceremonial) Costume – – – – – – 118 Puberty and Marriage Rite Costume – – – – – – 119 Wum (Burial Rite) Costume – – – – – – – 122 Chan (Circumcision) Rite Costume – – – – – – 124 Artistic component and Function of Sedireep (Ceremonial) Rite Costume – 125

Chapter FIVE

: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIO – 127 Summary – – – – – – – – – – 127 Findings – – – – – – – – – – 129 Conclusion – – – – – – – – – 131 Recommendation – – – – – – – – 133 Contribution to knowledge – – – – – – – 133 Notes – – – – – – – – – – 135 References – – – – – – – – – 139 Interview Question for the Festival Costume – – – – – 144 Appendix I: Researcher during (non participatory) fieldwork – – – 147 Appendix II: Researcher during (participatory) fieldwork – – – 148