<p>1. Introduction<br> 1.1 Background<br> 1.2 Objectives<br>2. Anatomy of the Urinary System in Marine Animals<br> 2.1 Comparative anatomy of the kidneys<br> 2.2 Specialized structures for urine production<br> 2.3 Differences in urinary system morphology among marine species<br>3. Urine Production and Osmoregulation in Marine Animals<br> 3.1 Filtration and reabsorption processes<br> 3.2 Role of specialized cells in urine concentration<br> 3.3 Adaptations for water conservation in marine animals<br>4. Case Studies: Urinary System Adaptations in Marine Fish<br> 4.1 Osmoregulation in teleost fish<br> 4.2 Unique adaptations in elasmobranchs (sharks, rays, and skates)<br> 4.3 Urinary system adaptations in deep-sea fish<br>5. Case Studies: Urinary System Adaptations in Marine Mammals<br> 5.1 Renal adaptations in pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses)<br> 5.2 Osmoregulation in cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises)<br> 5.3 Unique urinary system adaptations in marine otters<br></p>
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