<p>1. Introduction<br> 1.1 Background<br> 1.2 Objectives<br>2. Anatomy of the Urinary System<br> 2.1 Kidneys<br> 2.1.1 Structure and Function<br> 2.1.2 Nephron Anatomy<br> 2.2 Ureters<br> 2.2.1 Structure and Function<br> 2.3 Urinary Bladder<br> 2.3.1 Structure and Function<br> 2.4 Urethra<br> 2.4.1 Structure and Function<br>3. Comparative Analysis of Urinary Systems<br> 3.1 Mammals<br> 3.1.1 Humans<br> 3.1.2 Canines<br> 3.1.3 Felines<br> 3.2 Birds<br> 3.2.1 Avian Urinary System Adaptations<br> 3.3 Reptiles<br> 3.3.1 Reptilian Urinary System Variations<br> 3.4 Fish<br> 3.4.1 Aquatic Adaptations in Fish Urinary Systems<br>4. Function of the Urinary System<br> 4.1 Filtration and Reabsorption<br> 4.2 Regulation of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance<br> 4.3 Waste Elimination<br> 4.4 Hormonal Regulation<br>5. Evolutionary Significance of Urinary System Variations<br> 5.1 Adaptations to Different Environments<br> 5.2 Influence of Diet and Water Availability<br> 5.3 Phylogenetic Relationships and Urinary System Evolution<br></p>
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