1. Introduction
  1.1 Background
  1.2 Objectives
2. Principles of Hydroponics
  2.1 Definition and Concept
  2.2 Nutrient Solution
  2.3 Plant Growth Mediums
3. Types of Hydroponic Systems
  3.1 Nutrient Film Technique (NFT)
  3.2 Deep Water Culture (DWC)
  3.3 Ebb and Flow (Flood and Drain)
  3.4 Drip Irrigation
  3.5 Aeroponics
4. Advantages of Hydroponics
  4.1 Water Efficiency
  4.2 Nutrient Control
  4.3 Space Optimization
  4.4 Reduced Pest and Disease Risks
  4.5 Year-Round Cultivation
5. Applications of Hydroponics in Agric and Bioresources Engineering
  5.1 Urban Agriculture
  5.2 Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA)
  5.3 Vertical Farming
  5.4 Greenhouse Cultivation
  5.5 Research and Education
6. Challenges and Future Directions
  6.1 Cost and Energy Efficiency
  6.2 Nutrient Management
  6.3 Automation and Monitoring
  6.4 Scaling Up for Commercial Production
  6.5 Integration with Renewable Energy Sources
7. Conclusion
  7.1 Summary of Key Findings
  7.2 Implications for Agric and Bioresources Engineering
  7.3 Recommendations for Future Research